Air Gun Impactor—A Novel Model of Graded White Matter Spinal Cord Injury in Rodents

Marcol, Wiesław; Ślusarczyk, Wojciech; Gzik, M.; Larysz‐Brysz, Magdalena; Bobrowski, M.; Grynkiewicz-Bylina, B.; Rosicka, Paulina; Kalita, Katarzyna; Węglarz, Władysław P.; Barski, Jarosław Jerzy; Kotulska, Katarzyna; Łabuzek, Krzysztof; Lewin–Kowalik, Joanna

doi:10.1055/s-0032-1315779

Cited by 25 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…16 It produces SCI using a precisely directed highpressure stream of air. The T10 vertebra is stabilized by affixing clamps to the adjacent vertebrae.…”

Section: Air Gun Impactormentioning

confidence: 99%

Spinal cord injury models: a review

et al. 2014

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Background: Animal spinal cord injury (SCI) models have proved invaluable in better understanding the mechanisms involved in traumatic SCI and evaluating the effectiveness of experimental therapeutic interventions. Over the past 25 years, substantial gains have been made in developing consistent, reproducible and reliable animal SCI models. Study design: Review. Objective: The objective of this review was to consolidate current knowledge on SCI models and introduce newer paradigms that are currently being developed. Results: SCI models are categorized based on the mechanism of injury into contusion, compression, distraction, dislocation, transection or chemical models. Contusion devices inflict a transient, acute injury to the spinal cord using a weight-drop technique, electromagnetic impactor or air pressure. Compression devices compress the cord at specific force and duration to cause SCI. Distraction SCI devices inflict graded injury by controlled stretching of the cord. Mechanical displacement of the vertebrae is utilized to produce dislocation-type SCI. Surgical transection of the cord, partial or complete, is particularly useful in regenerative medicine. Finally, chemically induced SCI replicates select components of the secondary injury cascade. Although rodents remain the most commonly used species and are best suited for preliminary SCI studies, large animal and nonhuman primate experiments better approximate human SCI. Conclusion: All SCI models aim to replicate SCI in humans as closely as possible. Given the recent improvements in commonly used models and development of newer paradigms, much progress is anticipated in the coming years. Spinal Cord (2014) 52, 588-595; doi:10.1038/sc.2014.91; published online 10 June 2014 INTRODUCTIONSpinal cord injury (SCI) models have proved indispensible not only for investigating the efficacy of therapeutic interventions but also for better understanding the molecular pathways involved. SCI models have evolved significantly over the past century since Allen developed the first weight-drop contusion model in 1911. 1 SCI models aim to recreate features of human SCI as closely as possible. These models vary in terms of the animal utilized, site of injury infliction and injury mechanism.Rats are used most commonly in preliminary studies as they are relatively inexpensive, readily available and have demonstrated similar functional, electrophysiological, and morphological outcomes to humans following SCI. 2 Mice are particularly useful for genetic studies. 3 Nonhuman primate SCI models-including marmosets, macaques and squirrel monkeys-better approximate human SCI than rodent models, and they accommodate assessment of multiple recovery variables and rehabilitative therapy. 4 New world primates like marmosets confer advantages over old world primates as they are smaller, easier to handle, have a higher breeding efficiency and can be bred in experimental colonies. SCI models that incorporate large animals-such as pigs or dogs-can also be used when it is important for furth...

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“…16 It produces SCI using a precisely directed highpressure stream of air. The T10 vertebra is stabilized by affixing clamps to the adjacent vertebrae.…”

Section: Air Gun Impactormentioning

confidence: 99%

Spinal cord injury models: a review

et al. 2014

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“…LBF staining indicates the integrity of myelin sheaths, as well as revealing brosis and structural injury to myelin to show pathological disruption of white matter. 39 An entire organized structure of myelin was revealed in the CON group, but LFB staining in the CPZ group indicated the destruction of myelin sheaths, with a signicant difference (p < 0.01). As Fig.…”

Section: Procyanidin B2 Blocks Cuprizone-induced Demyelinationmentioning

confidence: 86%

Procyanidin B2 mitigates behavioral impairment and protects myelin integrity in cuprizone-induced schizophrenia in mice

et al. 2018

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Numerous studies have suggested that neuropathological changes in schizophrenia may be related to damage to white matter or demyelination. Procyanidin B2, which is a constituent of many fruits such as grapes and strawberries, has various biological activities such as anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activity, as has been reported. This study aimed to estimate the effects of procyanidin B2 on behavioral impairment and the protection of myelin integrity in a cuprizone-induced schizophrenia model. Mice

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“…The focal SCI was performed using a device that we designed and created, the pressure impactor, which produces a precisely controlled air blast, as described previously ( 14 ). Briefly, following intraperitoneal anesthesia with ketamine (100 mg/kg) and xylazine (10 mg/kg; both POLFA Łódź, Warszawa, Poland), animals were immobilized, Th9-Th11 segments of spinal cord were exposed and, under control of a stereomicroscope (Nikon SMZ 800; Nikon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), a 2-mm hole in the right Th10 vertebral arch was drilled.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extended magnetic resonance imaging studies on the effect of classically activated microglia transplantation on white matter regeneration following spinal cord focal injury in adult rats

et al. 2017

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Spinal cord injuries are still a serious problem for regenerative medicine. Previous research has demonstrated that activated microglia accumulate in spinal lesions, influencing the injured tissues in various ways. Therefore, transplantation of activated microglia may have a beneficial role in the regeneration of the nervous system. The present study examined the influence of transplanted activated microglial cells in adult rats with injured spinal cords. Rats were randomly divided into an experimental (M) and control (C) group, and were subjected to non-laminectomy focal injury of spinal cord white matter by means of a high-pressured air stream. In group M, activated cultured microglial cells were injected twice into the site of injury. Functional outcome and morphological features of regeneration were analyzed during a 12-week follow-up. The lesions were characterized by means of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Neurons in the brain stem and motor cortex were labeled with FluoroGold (FG). A total of 12 weeks after surgery, spinal cords and brains were collected and subjected to histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations. Lesion sizes in the spinal cord were measured and the number of FG-positive neurons was counted. Rats in group M demonstrated significant improvement of locomotor performance when compared with group C (P<0.05). MRI analysis demonstrated moderate improvement in water diffusion along the spinal cord in the group M following microglia treatment, as compared with group C. The water diffusion perpendicular to the spinal cord in group M was closer to the reference values for a healthy spinal cord than it was in group C. The sizes of lesions were also significantly smaller in group M than in the group C (P<0.05). The number of brain stem and motor cortex FG-positive neurons in group M was significantly higher than in group C. The present study demonstrated that delivery of activated microglia directly into the injured spinal cord gives some positive effects for the regeneration of the white matter.

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Air Gun Impactor—A Novel Model of Graded White Matter Spinal Cord Injury in Rodents

Cited by 25 publications

References 35 publications

Spinal cord injury models: a review

Spinal cord injury models: a review

Procyanidin B2 mitigates behavioral impairment and protects myelin integrity in cuprizone-induced schizophrenia in mice

Extended magnetic resonance imaging studies on the effect of classically activated microglia transplantation on white matter regeneration following spinal cord focal injury in adult rats

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