“Agro-terrorism? The causes and consequences of the appearance of witch’s broom disease in cocoa plantations of southern Bahia, Brazil”

Caldas, Marcellus M.; Perz, Stephen G.

doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.01.006

Cited by 24 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Cacao seeds were introduced into Bahia, Brazil in the middle of the eighteenth century, and the descendants of these initial introductions were used to establish nearly all of the commercial cacao farms in Bahia as well as farms in several African countries [ 10 ]. The success of these plants in cacao production is reflected in the status of Brazil, Ghana and Nigeria, which are among largest cacao producing countries worldwide [ 16 ]. Witches’ broom disease is an important factor that limited production and contributed to Brazil’s drop from the second to sixth largest producer of cacao.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The decline in Bahia's global rank from second to sixth in cacao production highlights the consequences of this disease on Bahia’s economy and justifies the replacement of a number of the originally introduced plant varieties with those that are more disease resistant. Additionally, the low prices associated with the cacao market as well as specific environmental factors contributed to the cacao crisis in Bahia [ 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic Structure and Molecular Diversity of Cacao Plants Established as Local Varieties for More than Two Centuries: The Genetic History of Cacao Plantations in Bahia, Brazil

et al. 2015

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Bahia is the most important cacao-producing state in Brazil, which is currently the sixth-largest country worldwide to produce cacao seeds. In the eighteenth century, the Comum, Pará and Maranhão varieties of cacao were introduced into southern Bahia, and their descendants, which are called ‘Bahian cacao’ or local Bahian varieties, have been cultivated for over 200 years. Comum plants have been used to start plantations in African countries and extended as far as countries in South Asia and Oceania. In Brazil, two sets of clones selected from Bahian varieties and their mutants, the Agronomic Institute of East (SIAL) and Bahian Cacao Institute (SIC) series, represent the diversity of Bahian cacao in germplasm banks. Because the genetic diversity of Bahian varieties, which is essential for breeding programs, remains unknown, the objective of this work was to assess the genetic structure and diversity of local Bahian varieties collected from farms and germplasm banks. To this end, 30 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to genotype 279 cacao plants from germplasm and local farms. The results facilitated the identification of 219 cacao plants of Bahian origin, and 51 of these were SIAL or SIC clones. Bahian cacao showed low genetic diversity. It could be verified that SIC and SIAL clones do not represent the true diversity of Bahian cacao, with the greatest amount of diversity found in cacao trees on the farms. Thus, a core collection to aid in prioritizing the plants to be sampled for Bahian cacao diversity is suggested. These results provide information that can be used to conserve Bahian cacao plants and applied in breeding programs to obtain more productive Bahian cacao with superior quality and tolerance to major diseases in tropical cacao plantations worldwide.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Structure and Molecular Diversity of Cacao Plants Established as Local Varieties for More than Two Centuries: The Genetic History of Cacao Plantations in Bahia, Brazil

et al. 2015

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“…The reasons of agroterrorism act are the intention to alter and interfere with the food supply chain to fulfil demands of a certain commodity. This will create a serious economic burden of the political enemy (Caldasa and Perz, 2013).…”

Section: Emerging Threats In Global Food Supply Chainmentioning

confidence: 99%

The potential of food terrorism towards halal ecosystem

Razak¹,

Ramli²,

Jamaludin³

2020

Food Res.

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The approaching of megatrend 2050, challenges have emerged in the food sector and it is predicted that main issues would be the shortage of food supply and food contamination. In parallel to the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), that by 2050, with the increasing human population, the food supply would be affected as the sources are inadequate to cater. This crisis requires a comprehensive solution -necessitate a better food security policy, food safety and food defence. In other words, a focused policy that deals with safe food ecosystem must be implemented and strengthen by relevant authorities. In the Malaysian context, the National Safety Policy (2017) outlined the security assurance for the nation's food supply under Strategy 17. However, the focus of the policy is only on the preparedness of rice commodity that needs to be adequate, whereas, newer threats is making their way beyond that scope. Therefore, this review will discuss the potential of food terrorism, its concept and implication within the halal ecosystem. To achieve this objective, this study is qualitatively carried out by utilizing fully library research relating to food terrorism. The data is being analysed to conclude the findings. Based on the study, we found that food terrorism is indeed a real threat jeopardizing consumer safety, and moreover, causing negative implications towards the local, regional and global halal ecosystem. Therefore, proactive measures needed to be taken to ensure the security of food and this aligned with the objective of sharia to preserve human's life by having adequate, nutritious, halal and safe food.Recently, the cases of chemical contamination of

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“…In the late 1980s, Witches' Broom Disease (WBD) devastated the Brazilian cocoa production, which was the second largest in the world at the time. WBD is caused by fungus Crinipellis perniciosa, which attacks the fruits, buds, and flower bulbs of the cacao plant, usually causing its death (Caldas & Perz, 2013). Cacao crops were severely devastated; cocoa farmers went bankrupt, and the country's production collapsed (Miragaia, 2015).…”

Section: Brazilian Cocoa Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Legitimacy as a Barrier: An Analysis of Brazilian Premium Cocoa and Chocolate Legitimation Process

2018

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How can a product be legitimated when the legitimation process includes another legitimate product as a barrier? To address this question, we conducted a process theorization through in-depth analysis of interviews and newspaper articles in the context of Brazilian premium cocoa and chocolate markets. We found that the legitimation process involving the interaction of different actors focused on building cultural-cognitive legitimacy was supported, in particular, by normative legitimacy. In this process, media appears as an important market ally in educating consumers. We used institutional theory to show that it is essential to address other legitimate products and the interaction of actors to understand the legitimation process.

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“Agro-terrorism? The causes and consequences of the appearance of witch’s broom disease in cocoa plantations of southern Bahia, Brazil”

Cited by 24 publications

References 43 publications

Genetic Structure and Molecular Diversity of Cacao Plants Established as Local Varieties for More than Two Centuries: The Genetic History of Cacao Plantations in Bahia, Brazil

Genetic Structure and Molecular Diversity of Cacao Plants Established as Local Varieties for More than Two Centuries: The Genetic History of Cacao Plantations in Bahia, Brazil

The potential of food terrorism towards halal ecosystem

Legitimacy as a Barrier: An Analysis of Brazilian Premium Cocoa and Chocolate Legitimation Process

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