The potential of food terrorism towards halal ecosystem

Abstract

The approaching of megatrend 2050, challenges have emerged in the food sector and it is predicted that main issues would be the shortage of food supply and food contamination. In parallel to the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), that by 2050, with the increasing human population, the food supply would be affected as the sources are inadequate to cater. This crisis requires a comprehensive solution -necessitate a better food security policy, food safety and food defence. In other words, a focused policy that deals with safe food ecosystem must be implemented and strengthen by relevant authorities. In the Malaysian context, the National Safety Policy (2017) outlined the security assurance for the nation's food supply under Strategy 17. However, the focus of the policy is only on the preparedness of rice commodity that needs to be adequate, whereas, newer threats is making their way beyond that scope. Therefore, this review will discuss the potential of food terrorism, its concept and implication within the halal ecosystem. To achieve this objective, this study is qualitatively carried out by utilizing fully library research relating to food terrorism. The data is being analysed to conclude the findings. Based on the study, we found that food terrorism is indeed a real threat jeopardizing consumer safety, and moreover, causing negative implications towards the local, regional and global halal ecosystem. Therefore, proactive measures needed to be taken to ensure the security of food and this aligned with the objective of sharia to preserve human's life by having adequate, nutritious, halal and safe food.Recently, the cases of chemical contamination of

Supply chain management in times of crisis: a systematic review

“…• Theoretical analysis and development Mazé 2002 ; Barnes and Oloruntoba 2005 ; Kumar and Budin 2006 ; Richey 2009 ; Hitzman et al 2009 ; Smith 2010 ; Svensson 2010 ; Benson 2011 ; Mackey and Liang 2011 ; Domański et al 2013 ; Boyce 2016 ; Madichie and Yamoah 2017 ; Armani et al 2020 ; Nagoev et al 2020 ; Yu et al 2020 ; O’Leary 2020 ; Abd Razak et al 2020 ; Ivanov 2020 ; Baveja et al 2020 ; Craighead et al 2020 ; Spash 2021 )…”

“…tainted ingredients and pollutants) into products and the production process. Unintentional contamination usually through worker errors Intentional contamination or sabotage from violations, abusive practices, fraudulent and unethical practice Counterfeiting and product terrorism (Gessner et al 2007 ; Mackey and Liang 2011 ; Chaturvedi et al 2014 ; Madichie and Yamoah 2017 ; Wilhelm et al 2020 ; Abd Razak et al 2020 ; Wilson and Grammich 2020 ) Process-related shortages and suspended production ( PSSP ) Deficiencies and insufficiencies of resources and capabilities. Such lack of resources and supplies mainly account for suspended products Resource, stock and capacity shortages Workforce, equipment and capability shortages Breaks and deteriorations in supply chains Substantial fails, delayed or complete stop to production (Shaw 1996 ; Andrews et al 2011 ; Benson 2011 ; Hittle and Leonard 2011 ; Fiset and Dostaler 2013 ; Boyce 2016 ; Piotrowicz 2018 ; Azghandi et al 2018 ; Dey et al 2020 ) Supplier-related debt and depressed sales ( SDDS ) Economic and financial upheaval of firms due to sales and debt issues with threats of insolvencies and bankruptcies Significantly halted and lost sales Global sales crash Financially distressed suppliers (Blome and Schoenherr 2011 ; Benaïcha and Hadj-Alouane 2013 ; Calabrese and Vervaeke 2017 ; Madichie and Yamoah 2017 ) Deep tensions and trade-related disputes ( DTTD ) Disharmony and anxiety in the state of minds of stakeholders due to deep tense trade relationships Tense supplier relationships – upstream-downstream and direct-indirect Regionalisation-globalisation tensions (Gawande et al 2015 ; Arcidiacono 2018 ; Desoutter and Lavissière 2018 ...…”

“…Recognising the increased occurrences of high-profile contamination-related events (Kaufman et al 2014 ) and their significant impact on product integrity (e.g. halalan toyyiban integrity) (Abd Razak et al 2020 ), SCM researchers study widespread PCCP in a variety of contexts. Examples include supply chains for food (Meuwissen et al 2009 ; Gao et al 2012 ), drugs (Li et al 2017 ; Azghandi et al 2018 ), automobiles (Andrews et al 2011 ), and consumer goods (Kumar and Budin 2006 ; Memon et al 2015 ).…”

“…For some authors, shortages induce complex emergencies such as societal breakdown, technology failure, and economic crisis (Piotrowicz 2018 ) or when suppliers fall foul of the law (Madichie and Yamoah 2017 ), while the joint occurrence of such emergencies tend to cause serious losses, injuries, and fatalities (Johnson et al 2013 ; Yan et al 2019 ). It is for this reason that in some industries like the food sector, severe PSSP (along with widespread PCCP) are considered the main challenges for supply chains (Abd Razak et al 2020 ).…”

Direction of Food Defence in Post COVID-19 Era for Malaysia’s Halal Ecosystem

“…The act of contaminating food deliberately is carried out mainly with malicious intentions. Since the medieval era, food source and supply chain has become the target due to hostile relationship or as part of war tactics (Abd Razak et al, 2020). This means that the idea of food defence may predate the FSMA but is further improved with the introduction of new and modern threats.…”