“…The need for interventions to mitigate damage by large grazing birds (geese, swans and cranes) on agricultural fields, has recently been accentuated (Fox & Madsen, ). Many populations of large grazing birds have increased from threatened to superabundant in Europe during at least five decades (Fox & Madsen, ) due to conservation efforts and agricultural intensification (Ebbinge, ; Fox, Elmberg, Tombre, & Hessel, ; Gauthier, Giroux, Reed, Bechet, & Belanger, ) and a warmer climate (Jensen, Madsen, Johnson, & Tamstorf, ; Mason, Keane, Redpath, & Bunnefeld, ). The increasing numbers of large grazing birds and their preference for agricultural fields over their natural foraging habitats – because crops provide higher quality food (Fox & Abraham, ) – cause a loss in harvest yield for the farmers (Fox et al, ).…”