Agricultural practices and quality of environment: evidence for global perspective

How agriculture, manufacture, and urbanization induced carbon emission? The case of Indonesia

“…However, with the condition of the continued decline in the contribution of the agricultural sector in Indonesia, it will lead to a case in which every 1% reduction in the contribution of Ava/GDP will increase GHG emissions by 2.53 ton CO 2 eq/capita. This is consistent with the studies from Nugraha and Osman ( 2018 ) in Indonesia; Anwar et al ( 2019 ) in low-middle income countries including Indonesia; Balsalobre-lorente et al ( 2019 ) in Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa; Dogan ( 2016 ) in Turkey; Liu et al ( 2017 ) in 4 ASEAN countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand); Rafiq et al ( 2016 ) in 65 countries; and Asumadu-sarkodie and Owusu ( 2017 ) in Ghana. According to FAOSTAT, Indonesia’s GHG emissions in 2018 amounted to 0.165 MegatonCO 2 eq where rice cultivation is the main producer of agricultural sector GHG emissions.…”

“…The results of the causality test (Table 6 ) show the bidirectional causality between emissions and GDP in Indonesia is consistent with the research of Shahbaz et al ( 2013 ). The bidirectional causality between GHG emissions and the agricultural sector has never been carried out before in Indonesia, but these results are consistent with the study of Anwar et al ( 2019 ) in middle- and upper-income countries; Gokmenoglu and Taspinar ( 2018 ) in Pakistan; and Jebli and Youssef ( 2016 ) in Tunisia, while the bidirectional causality between GDP and the agricultural sector in Indonesia is consistent with research carried out by Nugraha and Osman ( 2018 ).…”

“…The results of this research are similar to the findings reported by Kurniawan and Managi ( 2018 ). Furthermore, it is also consistent with various studies that investigated the relationship between urbanization and carbon emissions, among others, Ahmad et al ( 2019 ) in China, Zhang et al ( 2019 ) in the Asian region, Anwar et al ( 2019 ) in 59 countries (low-middle-upper income) including Indonesia, Hundie and Daksa ( 2019 ) in Ethiopia, Kasman and Duman ( 2015 ) in EU countries, and Ozatac et al ( 2017 ) in Turkey, shows that increasing urbanization will encourage increasingly massive use of energy which has an impact on environmental damage. The urbanization in Indonesia has grown significantly along with the rapid growth of the industry.…”

Cooperative carbon emission reduction through the Belt and Road Initiative

“…Therefore, relevant scholars have proposed some ways to reduce carbon emissions. For example, Sarwar ( 2019 ) used data from 30 Chinese provinces to show that building industrial carbon treatment plants would help control the sharp rise in carbon emissions; Farooq et al ( 2019 ) used regression analysis to show that reforestation could reduce the health impact of carbon emissions; Anwar et al ( 2019 ) argued that using clean energy such as nuclear power can help reduce carbon dioxide emissions; Sarwar and Alsaggaf ( 2021 ) used Saudi Arabia’s successful case in carbon emission reduction to illustrate that the governance efficiency and regulatory quality of the government have a direct positive relationship with the effect of carbon emission reduction. However, these studies have put forward relevant suggestions on carbon emission reduction from different perspectives, but most of them are focused on the carbon emission reduction of one country, and few of them study the joint carbon emission reduction among countries, which cannot fundamentally solve the problem of high carbon emissions on a global scale.…”

The Impact of Regional Policy and Population Growth on Environmental Kuznets Curve for Agricultural Sector in Indonesia: A Provincial Dynamic Panel Data Analysis.

“…25 The relationship between economic growth in the agricultural sector and GHG emissions is varied. The study from 26 shows that Agriculture Value Added has a positive relationship with emissions in high-and upper-middle-income countries, but in lowmiddle-income countries an increase in Agriculture Value Added will reduce CO 2 emissions. While the studyby Balsalobre-lorente et al, 27 shows that the GDP of the agricultural sector is influential in increasing emissions in BRICS countries.…”