“…Rapid urbanization and industrialization of cities can increase levels of exposure to PTEs and related risks (Alvanchi et al, 2020). As a result of emissions from different anthropogenic activities, industrial and densely populated cities have urban dust enriched in PTEs, as reported for Poland (Lisiewicz et al, 2000), Malaysia (Praveena, 2018), France (Béranger et al, 2019), Iran (Nazarpour et al, 2019), and China (Chen et al, 2019;Han et al, 2020). Therefore, urban dust and soil are enriched with trace elements mainly through atmospheric deposition (Gabarrón et al, 2017).…”