“…Heart failure has been found to be associated with oxidative stress in animal studies, with a concomitant lowering in antioxidant enzyme activity [163][164][165], and with antioxidant depletion in plasma [165], and heart [163,164] in animal studies. Antioxidant might be depleted in CHF due to increased ROS scavenging [166,167], or be already deficient for life-style, disease, or age-related reasons and facilitate the worsening of oxidative stress [167,168]. Free radical production has been related in CHF to catecholamine autoxidation and recurrent episodes of ischemia and reperfusion [169].…”