Aging and memory for words and action events: Effects of item repetition and list length.

Cohen, Ronald; Sandler, Sharon P.; Schroeder, Kim

doi:10.1037/0882-7974.2.3.280

Cited by 59 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(41 reference statements)

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“…Thus, the present findings suggest that enactment at study facilitates subsequent item recall and that this effect is accentuated among younger adults. As mentioned earlier, past research has typically shown minimal age differences in the enactment effect (Cohen et al, 1987;Guttentag & Hunt, 1988;Nilsson & Craik, 1990) or even greater effects for older adults (B~ickman, 1985;B~ickman & Nilsson, 1984B~ickman & Nilsson, , 1985. One reason for these different patterns of results may be that the mechanisms underlying action memory (including age differences in its magnitude) are not well understood.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…It is well documented that enacted tasks produce better memory performance than nonenacted tasks (Bfickman & Nilsson, 1984Cohen, 1981Cohen, , 1983Engelkamp & Zimmer, 1984Kormi-Nouri, 1995;Kormi-Nouri, Nilsson, & B~ickman, 1994). Past aging research on the role of enactment in episodic memory tasks has revealed mixed results, with some studies showing no differences between young and older participants in memory for performed actions (Bfickman & Nilsson, 1984, others showing small age differences (Nyberg, Nilsson, & B~ickman, 1992), and still others showing large differences (Cohen, Sandler, & Schroeder, 1987;Knopf & Niedhardt, 1989;Nilsson & Craik, 1990). Thus, one of the objectives of this study was to further clarify the relation between age and action memory.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

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Acting or listening: Adult age differences in source recall of enacted and nonenacted statements

1996

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This study explored age-related differences in item and source recall of enacted and nonenacted items in a sample of healthy adults between the ages of 35 and 80 years (N = 1,000). Participants were screened on a variety of demographic, psychometric, and biological variables. They were presented with sentences (e.g., "Lift the book") that they either read or enacted. They were then asked to recall the object of each stimulus sentence (item recall) and to identify its format of encoding (source recall). Age-related decrements were observed both in item and source memory, although age differences in source memory were more accentuated than in item memory. Further, the results indicated an overall impairment of source memory across age when individual differences in the demographic, psychometric, and biological variables were taken into consideration.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Acting or listening: Adult age differences in source recall of enacted and nonenacted statements

1996

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“…Given that age-related impairments in memory are exacerbated by long study lists (e.g., Crook & West, 1990), we considered the possibility that older adults' performance on our task may be further improved if there were fewer pairs to study, and therefore less interference between pairs. We hypothesized that reducing the number of pairs would not affect younger adults' performance, since older adults are generally more vulnerable to list length effects than are young adults (e.g., Cohen, Sandler, & Schroeder, 1987;Crook & West, 1990). To test this prediction, we replicated Experiment 1a using only eight to-be-remembered pairs (four maintained, four disrupted) and a proportionately shortened version of the one-back task.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Face–name learning in older adults: a benefit of hyper-binding

et al. 2016

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Difficulty remembering faces and corresponding names is a hallmark of cognitive aging, as is increased susceptibility to distraction. Given evidence that older adults spontaneously encode relationships between target pictures and simultaneously occurring distractors (a hyper-binding phenomenon), we asked whether memory for face-name pairs could be improved through prior exposure to faces presented with distractor names. In three experiments, young and older adults performed a selective attention task on faces while ignoring superimposed names. After a delay, they learned and were tested on face-name pairs that were either maintained or rearranged from the initial task but were not told of the connection between tasks. In each experiment, older but not younger participants showed better memory for maintained than for rearranged pairs, indicating that older adults' natural propensity to tacitly encode and bind relevant and irrelevant information can be employed to aid face-name memory performance.

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“…Cohen and his colleagues (e.g., Cohen, 1981;Cohen, Peterson, & Mantini-Atkinson, 1987;Cohen, Sandler, & Schroeder, 1987) and Engelkamp and his colleagues (e.g., Engelkamp & Zimmer, 1984;Zimmer & Engelkamp, 1985) have found that items are remembered better if they are enacted by the subject than if the statement is simply heard. For example, Krumnacker (1980, cited in Engelkamp &Zimmer, 1994) gave subjects 48 action statements to remember.…”

Section: Memory For Action Eventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imagination inflation for action events: Repeated imaginings lead to illusory recollections

1998

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In two experiments, subjects heard simple action statements (e.g., "Break the toothpick"), and, in some conditions, they also performed the action or imagined performing the action. In a second session that occurred at a later point (10 min, 24 h, 1 week, or 2 weeks later), subjects imagined performing actions one, three, or fivetimes. Some imagined actions represented statements heard, imagined, or performed in the first session, whereas other statements were new in the second session. During a third (test) phase, subjects were instructed to recognize statements only if they had occurred during the first session and, if recognized, to tell whether the action statement had been carried out, imagined, or merely heard. The primary finding was that increasing the number of imaginings during the second session caused subjects to remember later that they had performed an action during the first session when in fact they had not (imagination inflation). This outcome occurred both for statements that subjects had heard but not performed during the first session and for statements that had never been heard during the first session. The results are generally consistent with Johnson, Hashtroudi, and Lindsay's (1993) source monitoring framework and reveal a powerful memory illusion: Imagining performance of an action can cause its recollection as actually having been carried out.Imagery has long been known to exert powerful effects on remembering. The ancient Greeks discovered that imagining items in particular locations was an aid to remembering them and experimental psychologists have long studied the power of imagery as an aid to remembering (e.g., Bower, 1970;Paivio, 1969Paivio, , 1986. Ofcourse, when imagery is used as a mnemonic technique, the interest is in improving recollection for facts or events that the rememberer would like to recall at some later point. However, people use imagery for many other purposesin daydreaming, in fantasies, in setting goals, in wishing for future events, and in thinking about past events. The question we ask in the present paper is whether imagining might have deleterious consequences for memory, as well as the oft-noted positive effects. Briefly, the question we ask is: If people imagine performing some action, might they later remember that they actually did it?

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Aging and memory for words and action events: Effects of item repetition and list length.

Cited by 59 publications

References 21 publications

Acting or listening: Adult age differences in source recall of enacted and nonenacted statements

Acting or listening: Adult age differences in source recall of enacted and nonenacted statements

Face–name learning in older adults: a benefit of hyper-binding

Imagination inflation for action events: Repeated imaginings lead to illusory recollections

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