Aggregation-Induced-Emissive Molecule Incorporated into Polymeric Nanoparticulate as FRET Donor for Observing Doxorubicin Delivery

Abstract

Tetraphenylethene (TPE) derivatives characterized with distinct aggregation-induced-emission, attempted to aggregate with doxorubicin (Dox) to formulate the interior compartment of polymeric nanoparticulate, served as fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) donor to promote emission of acceptor Dox. Accordingly, this FRET formulation allowed identification of Dox in complexed form by detecting FRET. Important insight into the Dox releasing can be subsequently explored by extracting complexed Dox (FRET) from the overall Dox via direct single-photon excitation of Dox. Of note, functional catiomers were used to complex with FRET partners for a template formulation, which was verified to induce pH-responsive release in the targeted subcellular compartment. Hence, this well-defined multifunctional system entitles in situ observation of the drug releasing profile and insight on drug delivery journey from the tip of injection vein to the subcellular organelle of the targeted cells.

Polymer Brush Decorated MOF Nanoparticles Loaded with AIEgen, Anticancer Drug, and Supramolecular Glue for Regulating and In Situ Observing DOX Release

“…The attached PGMA was further functionalized with ethanediamine to obtain UiO‐PGEDA with a crowded cationic external shell as polymer brushes onto the established MOF kernel, which are helpful to enhance the stability of the MOF nanoparticles. Furthermore, functional tetraphenylethene (TPE) derivative served as a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) donor, and (DOX) as an acceptor were strategically utilized and incorporated into the external shell of the aforementioned cationic nanoparticles via electrostatic interactions. The formulated superstructures are postulated to not only afford as a DOX delivery system but also enable in situ observation of DOX release since the liberation of DOX from TPE and UiO‐PGEDA composite could be estimated by monitoring the decrease in the emission of FRET acceptor …”

Highly efficient FRET from aggregation-induced emission to BODIPY emission based on host–guest interaction for mimicking the light-harvesting system

“…6 Moreover, FRET is a core phenomenon in photosynthesis, 7,8 organic photovoltaics, 9 lighting sources, 10,11 biosensing, [12][13][14] or drug delivery tracing. 15 Furthermore, for practical applications, two requirements are necessary for the FRET process to occur: (1) a substantial overlap of the donor emission spectrum with the acceptor absorption; (2) an appropriate linker and distance between the donor and the acceptor. 16 The light-harvesting system, which collects sunlight efficiently and funnels the excitation energy to the reaction center, which converting solar to chemical energy, plays a very important role in natural photosynthesis.…”

Intracellular tracking of drug release from pH-sensitive polymeric nanoparticles via FRET for synergistic chemo-photodynamic therapy

“…The fluorescence of EPI (green) and FRET-mediated Por (red) were basically overlapping in different time points so that the process of drug release from the nanoparticles in tumor cell was explored. In the first hour, the intensity of red light was strong and that of EPI was almost no light, which showed that the EPI was in the core of nanoparticles to evoke FRET effect [39]. With the time elongated to 2 h, the red FRET signal gradually reduced and the green fluorescence of EPI in the cytoplasm became stronger.…”