In recent years, consumers have been demanding convenient and healthy foods which have 'fresh-like' characteristics while still being safe and a long shelf-life. These requirements are hard to achieve using existing traditional thermal food processing technologies and the innovative new food process and preservation technologies based on thermal processing systems are needed. However, non-thermal technologies in food processing do not generate high temperature and use short treatment times. This means that the nutritional components of foodstuffs are better retained, and the sensory properties of foods are less changed compared with traditional thermal processing. The aim of this review was to present non-thermal technologies applications and its mechanism in food industry in recently, and to explore the potential application prospects of combining non-thermal treatments applied in food industry because it not only could overcomes the drawback of single technology, but also can enhances the processing efficiency at lower treatment intensity. Description Critical factors Mechanism of inactivation Applications ReferencesPulsed UV-light (PL) Emit 1-20 flashes per second at an energy density in the range from 0.01 to 50 J cm À2 . The number of pulses, distance from the source of light, and thickness of the product UV absorption by DNA cause DNA mutations.

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Limited therapeutic efficacy to hypoxic and refractory solid tumors has hindered the practical application of photodynamic therapy(PDT). Tw on ew benzothiophenylisoquinoline (btiq)-derived cyclometalated Ir III complexes, IrL1 and MitoIrL2,w ere constructed as potent photosensitizers, with the latter being designed for mitochondria accumulation. Both complexes demonstrated at ype IP DT process and caused photoinduced ferroptosis in tumor cells under hypoxia. This ferroptosis featured lipid peroxide accumulation, mitochondria shrinkage,d own-regulation of glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4), and ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1)-inhibited cell death. Upon photoirradiation under hypoxia, mitochondria targeting MitoIrL2 caused mitochondria membrane potential (MMP) collapse,A TP production suppression, and induced cell apoptosis.T he synergetic effect of ferroptosis and apoptosis causes MitoIrL2 to outperform IrL1 in inhibiting the growth of MCF-7, PANC-1, MDA-MB-231 cells and multicellular spheroids.T his study demonstrates the first example of ferroptosis induced by photosensitizing Ir III complexes.Moreover,t he synergism of ferroptosis and apoptosis provides ap romising approach for combating hypoxics olid tumors through type IP DT processes.

Tracking signaling H2S in live mice demands responsive imaging with fine tissue imaging depth and low interferences from tissue scattering/autofluorescence and probe concentration. With complementary advantages of fluorescence and photoacoustic (PA) imaging, optical/PA dual-modality imaging was suggested for in/ex vivo H2S imaging. Therefore, a meso-benzoyloxyltricarbo­heptamethine cyanine, HS-CyBz, was prepared as the first ratiometric optical/PA dual-modality probe for H2S, profiting from a keto–enol transition sensing mechanism. Tail intravenous injection of this probe leads to probe accumulation in the liver of mice, and the endogenous H2S upregulation triggered by S-adenosyl-l-methionine has been verified by ratiometric optical/PA imaging, suggesting the promising potential of this ratiometric dual-modality imaging.

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Zn(2+) plays essential roles in various physiological processes in living systems, and the investigation of Zn(2+) related physiology and pathology has attracted considerable interest. Because photoluminescence (PL) imaging possesses distinct advantages, such as high sensitivity and non-invasiveness, and excellent temporal and spatial resolution, it has become a powerful tool for the real time monitoring of Zn(2+) distribution, uptake, and trafficking. Over the last two decades, great efforts have been devoted to PL Zn(2+) imaging in living systems, which proved the Zn(2+) fluctuations in physiological processes and the temporal-spatial distribution of labile Zn(2+) as well as the localization of labile Zn(2+) pools. Advances in PL techniques, such as fluorescence microscopy, confocal fluorescence microscopy, two photon fluorescence microscopy, lifetime based techniques and luminescence optical imaging systems, have made remarkable contributions in tackling major challenges in Zn(2+) PL imaging. With the rational design and proper use of fluorescent sensors, Zn(2+) imaging in various cell lines, organelles, tissues, organs and living animals has been realized, which was shown to be crucial in elucidating the biological and physiological roles of labile Zn(2+).

Summary Thermosonication (TS) is an emerging nonthermal processing technique used for the liquid food preservation and is employed to improve the quality and acceptability of grapefruit juice. In this study, fresh grapefruit juice samples were subjected to TS treatment in an ultrasonic cleaner with different processing variables, including temperature (20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 °C), frequency (28 kHz), power (70%, 420 W) and processing time (30 and 60 min) for bioactive compounds, inactivation of enzymes pectin methylesterase (PME), peroxidase (POD) and polyphenolase (PPO) and micro‐organisms (total plate count, yeasts and moulds). The micro‐organism activity was completely inactivated in the treatment (60 °C for 60 min). The TS treatment at 60 °C for 60 min exposure reduced PME, PPO and POD activity by 91%, 90% and 89%, respectively. Results indicate that the advantages of TS for grapefruit juice processing at low temperature could enhance the inactivation of enzymes and micro‐organisms and it can be used as a potential technique to obtain better results as compared to alone.

The combined effect of ultrasound (US) and pulsed electric field (PEF) was investigated on microbial load and bioactive compounds of grapefruit juice. Grapefruit juice was PEF treated (flow rate: 80 ml/min, pulse frequency: 1 kHz, 20 kVcm−1 electric field strength, temperature: 40 °C, time: 600 μs) followed by US treatment in an ultrasonic bath cleaner radiating 600 W at frequency of 28 KHz and 20 °C for 30 min. PEF and US treatment resulted in a significant reduction in microbial load as compared to the control group. Using combined (PEF + US) treatment, carotenoids, lycopene, anthocyanin contents, and total antioxidant activity were increased from 0.84 μg/ml, 0.32 μg/ml, 1.37 mg/L, and 177.48 ascorbic acid equivalent µg/g (control) to 1.26 μg/ml, 0.92 μg/ml, 1.68 mg/L, and 262.32 ascorbic acid equivalent µg/g, respectively. The findings demonstrated that PEF + US could be successfully used for preserving bioactive compounds in grapefruit juice while improving the microbial quality for a better shelf‐life. Practical applications In recent years, nonthermal techniques, such as sonication and PEF or combination of these are used for the inactivation of microorganism and preserving the bioactive compounds of different juices. The results of the present study revealed that combined treatment (PEF + US) could improve the antioxidant activity, total phenolics, flavonols, flavonoids, lycopene, and total carotenoids. The findings of this study suggested that PEF + US has a potential to improve the quality of grapefruit juice and may be employed for the processing of grapefruit juice at industrial scale.