Aggregation and Binding Substances Enhance Pathogenicity in a Rabbit Model of Enterococcus faecalis Endocarditis

Schlievert, Patrick M.; Dunny, Gary M.; Stoehr, Jennifer A.; Assimacopoulos, A.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1825-3_186

Cited by 78 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Joe Chow and associates reported in reference 66, that aggregation substance of pAD1 contributed to an increase in size of heart-valve vegetations in a rabbit endocarditis model, a phenomenon also reported by Schlievert et al 176 in the case of the AS encoded by pCF10. AS also contributes to phenomena such as bacterial invasion of certain epithelial cells 177,178 as well as survival in phagocytes.…”

Section: Antibiotic Resistance and Pathogenicitysupporting

confidence: 57%

Tales of conjugation and sex pheromones

Clewell¹

2011

Mobile Genetic Elements

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REVIEW REVIEW use of a technique that had recently been reported by Godson and Sinsheimer 6 that utilized a detergent mixture of Brij 58 (a neutral detergent) and deoxycholate for lysis of phageinfected E. coli. During a relatively low-speed centrifugation step, the vast majority of chromosomal DNA pelleted leaving the supernatant greatly enriched in plasmid DNA. Sucrose gradient analyses of these "cleared lysates" revealed a ColE1-protein complex sedimenting slightly faster (24S) than the 23S protein-free supercoiled DNA. Surprisingly, when the 24S complex was exposed to conditions expected to affect protein structure such as proteases, strong ionic detergents or heat, the 24S complex converted to a 17S relaxed (open circular) configuration. The relaxation event involved the introduction of a strand-specific nick in the supercoiled plasmid; we therefore called the 24S entity a "relaxation complex". 7,8 The percentage of plasmid DNA that was present in the complexed state varied from less than 30%, when glucose was in the growth medium, to more than 80% when glucose was absent.

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Section: Antibiotic Resistance and Pathogenicitysupporting

confidence: 57%

Tales of conjugation and sex pheromones

Clewell¹

2011

Mobile Genetic Elements

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“…Aggregation substances (AS) and enterococcal binding substances (EBS) secreted by E. faecalis are essential for the development of vegetation. Rabbits infected by strains lacking AS and EBS did not develop cardiac vegetations, those infected by strains able to produce either AS or EBS developed small vegetations and those that were infected by both AS and EBS producing bacteria produced large vegetations (32).…”

Section: Other Virulence Factors Related To the Vegetationmentioning

confidence: 95%

Inflammatory Response in Infective Endocarditis

Deviri

Glenville

2007

Eur J Inflamm

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Endocarditis remains a devastating disease with a high mortality despite timely diagnosis and treatment. The mainstays of treatment include appropriate antibiotics and when indicated, removal of the septic focus. This sounds extremely simple and belies the necessity for a sophisticated multidisciplinary approach to its treatment, the success of which depends not just on the right antibiotic at the right dosage via the right portal, but also on a profound understanding of the inflammatory and infective pathophysiology at work. This review aims at assisting both the clinician and the lab-based physician in the task.

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“…Moreover, conjugation is problematic in nosocomial settings because the dissemination of conjugative plasmids and other mobile elements -often reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes -can lead to an explosive emergence of multiple drug resistance among populations of clinically significant pathogens 14 . Recent work has also shown that plasmid-encoded conjugative pili of Gram-negative bacteria, or surface glycoproteins of Gram-positive bacteria, contribute to biofilm formation and colonization of various human tissues 15,16 .…”

Section: The T4s Familymentioning

confidence: 99%

The versatile bacterial type IV secretion systems

Cascales¹,

Christie²

2003

Nat Rev Microbiol

596

559

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Bacteria use type IV secretion systems for two fundamental objectives related to pathogenesisgenetic exchange and the delivery of effector molecules to eukaryotic target cells. Whereas gene acquisition is an important adaptive mechanism that enables pathogens to cope with a changing environment during invasion of the host, interactions between effector and host molecules can suppress defence mechanisms, facilitate intracellular growth and even induce the synthesis of nutrients that are beneficial to bacterial colonization. Rapid progress has been made towards defining the structures and functions of type IV secretion machines, identifying the effector molecules, and elucidating the mechanisms by which the translocated effectors subvert eukaryotic cellular processes during infection. The year 2003 marks the fiftieth anniversary of the first description of a TYPE IV SECRETION (T4S)SYSTEM: the CONJUGATION apparatus of the F plasmid 1 . This is a dynamic bacterial surface organelle, the activities of which are now known to include the contact-dependent delivery of DNA to bacterial recipients and the assembly and retraction of a conjugal PILUS 2 . In the past decade, reports describing systems that are ancestrally related to the F-transfer system and other conjugation machines have emerged. Instead of mediating DNA transfer between bacteria, these systems deliver DNA or protein substrates, known as effectors, to eukaryotic target cells during infection [3][4][5] . More recently, several new T4S systems have been described that are also ancestrally related to the conjugation machines, but these systems mediate the exchange of DNA with the extracellular milieu [6][7][8] . Collectively, this diversity of function in the face of a common ancestry makes the T4S machines attractive subjects for comparative studies that explore the dynamics of organelle assembly and action. Additionally, from a medical perspective, it is of enormous interest to develop a detailed understanding of how the inter-kingdom transfer of type IV effector molecules contributes to pathogenesis. This review will summarize the recent advances in our knowledge of T4S, NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptNat Rev Microbiol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2013 December 27. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscriptwith an emphasis on machine structure and function, and the activities of effectors after translocation into the eukaryotic host. The T4S familyThis fascinatingly versatile translocation family can be classified into three subfamilies, each of which contributes in unique ways to pathogenesis ( Fig. 1; Table 1). The largest subfamily, the conjugation systems, are found in most species of Gram-negative and Grampositive bacteria. These systems mediate DNA transfer both within and between phylogenetically diverse species, and some systems even deliver DNA to fungi, plants and human cells 2,9-13 . Conjugation is an important contributor to genome plasticity, and therefore bacterial fitness under changing en...

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Aggregation and Binding Substances Enhance Pathogenicity in a Rabbit Model of Enterococcus faecalis Endocarditis

Cited by 78 publications

References 2 publications

Tales of conjugation and sex pheromones

Tales of conjugation and sex pheromones

Inflammatory Response in Infective Endocarditis

The versatile bacterial type IV secretion systems

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