Agents and Techniques Employed in Pediatric Anesthesia.*

Avaliação da anestesia com baixo fluxo de gases, comparando ventilação com pressão controlada à ventilação com tempo controlado - pressão limitada e fluxo constante de gases: modelo experimental em coelhos

“…Tal lacuna sinaliza que novos estudos devem ser realizados, o que facilitaria a interpretação de resultados dos estudos já realizados. Os dados mais antigos em pediatria 16,17 levavam a crer que pacientes pediátricos necessitavam de sistemas respiratórios e ventiladores especiais, porém estes conceitos vêm mudando desde a década de 60, com estudos confirmando que nem sempre há aumento no trabalho respiratório durante o emprego de sistemas valvulares e ventilação espontânea em pediatria 18,19 . Outros trabalhos em pediatria relataram o emprego de sistemas circulares em crianças acima de 20 kg Alguns autores recomendaram cautela no emprego de sistemas com reinalação em animais ou seres humanos com peso inferior a 3 kg, relatando que os sistemas sem reinalação seriam mais adequados a esta categoria de pacientes 21,22 .…”

“…This gap is a sign that new studies should be performed to help interpretation of previous results. Older pediatric data 16,17 suggest that pediatric patients would need special respiratory systems and ventilators. These concepts, however, are changing since the 60's when studies confirming that respiratory work does not always increase during the use of valve systems and spontaneous ventilation in pediatrics 18,19 started appearing.…”

Low-flow anaesthesia in infants and children

“…and undesirable upset in body metabolism' in children breathing from an adult circle system, which they attributed to resistance in the tubing, valves and soda lime, and excessive deadspace under the face mask. 62 A short time later, Adriani and Griggs noted that the breathing of infants anaesthetized with an adult circle system was 'usually laborious and deep' which they attributed to hypercapnia secondary to excessive deadspace, ineffective absorption of carbon dioxide and breathing system resistance. 1 Neither of these early reports includes capnographic or acid-base data and it seems likely that their conclusions were based largely on clinical impression.…”

Origins of paediatric anaesthesia in Canada

“…Stephen and his colleague, Dr Harry Slater, made significant changes and improvements regarding new anaesthetic agents and techniques (Stephen & Slater 1950) (Figure 5a, b). In particular, they developed a new non-rebreathing valve (Figure 3) whch soon gained widespread use (Stephen & Slater 1948).…”