Ageing:Consequences of Excessive Free Radicals and Inflammation

Abstract

Free radicals, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and inflammation increase with advancing age. Evidence suggests that oxidative stress and inflammation both lead to impaired vascular function. There is also evidence to suggest that inflammation may cause an increase in radical production leading to enhanced oxidative/nitrosative stress. In addition, higher concentration of free radicals also modulates inflammation by increasing the expression of inflammatory proteins, including cytokines. Although ROS/RNS are predominantly implicated in causing cell damage, they also play a major physiological role in several aspects of intracellular signalling and regulation. ROS/RNS are known to play a dual role in biological systems since they can be either harmful or beneficial to living systems.

Antioxidant effects of compound walnut oil capsule in mice aging model induced by D-galactose

“…Aging is a complex natural process closely related to oxidative stress and free radicals, which has become a hot topic nowadays ( 1 , 2 ). Accumulation of free radicals can affect the functions and abilities of human body such as lung, heart, and brain ( 3 , 4 ). It is important to select appropriate scavengers to protect body from the damage of free radicals and improve the quality of life.…”

Free Radical, Oxidative Stress and Its Roles on Inflammatory Response

“…In the field of biology, the main free radical types are divided into Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS). 7 Under certain stress conditions, oxygen becomes more active and forms ROS, superoxide radical anions (O2 -), hydroxyl radicals (OH -), peroxyl radicals (ROO -), and nonfree radical species such as H2O2, singlet oxygen (1O 2 ) 8 . The most important RNS are nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and peroxynitrite anions.…”

“…4 According to Jyoti et al (2016) uncontrolled long-term oxidative stress will have implications for some inflammatory diseases such as hepatitis, stroke, retinal damage arthritis. 7 ROS is generally formed by inflammatory cells not only to help destroy pathogens, but also affect the inflammatory cell itself, altering the intracellular redox balance of in the cell and functioning as a molecule that gives signals in the regulation of inflammatory and immunomodulatory genes. 29…”

“…Among them IL-1, TNFα, IL-6, IL-11, IL-8 and chemokines, GCSF, GM-CSF play a role in meditating acute inflammatory reactions. 7 An important inflammatory process in the elimination of various pathogens is played by the neutrophil cell. These neutrophil recruitment are regulated by proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1β (IL-1β).…”

“…During inflammation, ROS determines several stages and encourages the migration of inflammatory cells through endothelium barriers that help eliminate foreign mediators. 7 Inflammation is induced by various stimuli, and is the result of a balance of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines. In the inflammatory response will be found several inflammatory mediators who should have initiated the formation of pro-inflammatory cytokines.…”