Aged garlic extract ameliorates immunotoxicity, hematotoxicity and impaired burn-healing in malathion- and carbaryl-treated male albino rats

Abstract

Malathion and carbaryl are the most widely used organophosphate and carbamate insecticides, respectively, especially in developing countries; they pose a potential health hazard for both humans and animals. Here, we evaluated the protective effects of an odorless (free from allicin) Kyolic aged garlic extract (AGE, containing 0.1% S-allylcysteine; 200 mg/kg body weight) on the toxicity induced by 0.1 LD of malathion (89.5 mg/kg body weight) and/or carbaryl (33.9 mg/kg body weight) in male Wistar rats. Doses were orally administered to animals for four consecutive weeks. The present study showed that AGE completely modulated most adverse effects induced by malathion and/or carbaryl in rats including the normocytic normochromic anemia, immunosuppression, and the delay in the skin-burning healing process through normalizing the count of blood cells (erythrocytes, leucocytes and platelets), hemoglobin content, hematocrit value, blood glucose-6-phosphodehydrogenase activity, weights and cellularity of lymphoid organs, serum γ-globulin concentration, and the delayed type of hypersensitivity response to the control values, and accelerating the inflammatory and proliferative phases of burn-healing. In addition, AGE completely modulated the decrease in serum reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration and the increase in clotting time in malathion alone and carbaryl alone treated rats. Moreover, AGE induced a significant increase (P < 0.001) in serum GSH concentration (above the normal value) and accelerating burn-healing process in healthy rats. In conclusion, AGE was effective in modulating most adverse effects induced in rats by malathion and carbaryl, and hence may be useful as a dietary adjunct for alleviating the toxicity in highly vulnerable people to insecticides intoxication. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 789-798, 2017.

Antihepatocarcinogenic activity of whey protein concentrate and lactoferrin in diethylnitrosamine‐treated male albino mice

“…Our laboratory, preliminary experiments indicated that the body weight decreased in the DEN‐treated mice, which potentially related to the appetite loss resulted from the elevation of serum TNF‐α. In addition, the excessive DNA fragmentation and apoptosis shown in the hepatocytes of DEN‐treated mice were probably due to the excessive production of TNF‐α, especially in the presence of GSH depletion, where TNF‐α triggers the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis through its type 1 receptor on the hepatocytes leading to caspase‐8 activation . The activated caspase‐8 transmits a signal bifurcated into two pathways: (a) a direct activation of caspase‐3 (an indicator for completion of the last stage of apoptosis) and (b) an indirect activation of caspase‐3 through triggering the mitochondria‐mediated caspase cascade including caspase‐9 (the intrinsic pathway).…”

“…In addition, the excessive DNA fragmentation and apoptosis shown in the hepatocytes of DEN-treated mice were probably due to the excessive production of TNF-α, especially in the presence of GSH depletion, 35,36 where TNF-α triggers the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis through its type 1 receptor on the hepatocytes leading to caspase-8 activation. 37,38 The activated caspase-8 transmits a signal bifurcated into two pathways 37 : (a) a direct activation of caspase-3 (an indicator for…”

“…In addition, the mitochondrial GSH reduced the hepatocytes response to TNF-α-induced intrinsic apoptotic pathway by scavenging ROS. Therefore, hepatocyte GSH protected liver from TNF-α-induced apoptosis 36,38. Other studies found that WPC and lactoferrin protected from aging-induced neurodegeneration and inhibited the growth of lung cancer, respectively, by suppressing the release of inflammatory mediators including TNF-α 14,30.…”

Pre‐clinical evidence of safety and protective effect of isatin and oxime derivatives against malathion‐induced toxicity

“…Organophosphate (OP) compounds are toxic agents that are widely used in agriculture and also in household environments for pest and insect control. In this way, accidental or intentional poisoning by the improper handling of these toxic agents leads to health problems, mainly related to the high inhibition of cholinesterases in the central and peripheral nervous systems …”

“…In this way, accidental or intentional poisoning by the improper handling of these toxic agents leads to health problems, mainly related to the high inhibition of cholinesterases in the central and peripheral nervous systems. 1,2 Malathion, [S-1,2(bis-ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl-O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate], is an OP that is easily purchased at the local market and widely used as a pesticide in agriculture, residential gardening, public recreation areas, and in public health pest control programmes. 3,4 Due to uncontrolled use, people may be constantly exposed to this compound.…”