Age-standardized incidence and mortality rates of oral and pharyngeal cancer in Puerto Rico and among Non-Hispanics Whites, Non-Hispanic Blacks, and Hispanics in the USA

Abstract

BackgroundIn the American region, Puerto Rico (PR) has the highest incidence of oral and pharyngeal cancer (OPC), but racial/ethnic differences have never been assessed and compared with other groups in the United States of America (USA). We compared the age-adjusted incidence and mortality rates of OPC between PR and among USA Hispanics (USH), Non-Hispanic Whites (NHW), and Non-Hispanic Blacks (NHB) to assess the burden of this cancer in PR.MethodsAnalysis of the age-standardized rates (per 100,000) was performed using the direct method with the world standard population (ASR(World)) from 1998–2002. Annual percent change (APC) and Relative Risks (RR) were calculated using the Poisson regression model.ResultsThe incidence ASR(World) for men in PR was constant (APC ≈ 0.0%), in contrast, a decrease was observed among NHW, NHB, and USH men, although only USH showed statistical significance (APC = -4.9%, p < 0.05). In women, the highest increase in incidence (APC = 5.3%) and the lowest decrease in mortality (APC = -1.4%) was observed in PR. The ratio of the ASR(World) showed that in all racial/ethnic groups, men had approximately 2–4 fold increased incidence and mortality risk of OPC than women (p < 0.05). Men in PR had a higher mortality risk (p < 0.05) of OPC as compared to USH, NHW, and NHB; but among women, PR showed a significant excess of mortality only as compared to USH (est. SRR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.41, 2.33).ConclusionThe overall higher incidence of OPC in men in PR as compared to USH, NHB, and NHW could be explained by the effect of gene-environment interactions. Meanwhile, the higher mortality from OPC in PR suggests limitations in the health-care access within this population. Further research is warranted to elucidate these findings.

Trends in epidemiology and treatment and outcome for head and neck cancer: A population-based long-term analysis from 1996 to 2011 of the Thuringian cancer registry

“…Such an increase of these subsites of HNC cancer in the recent years was observed also for many other countries (see compilation of literature in: [21]). In accordance to other studies, the increase incidence of oral cancer was higher in men than in women [22]. It is discussed that this increase of oropharyngeal cancer and partly of oral cavity cancer is for a large part be contributed to the human papilloma virus (HPV) [23].…”

Trend Analysis of Gastrointestinal Cancer Incidences in Guilan Province: Comparing Rates over 15 Years

“…The rising incidence of CRC in Asian countries during the last two decades has recently been reported by an Asia Pacific Consensus (Sung et al, 2008). ASR of CRC in more developed regions of the world estimated for the year 2008 has been reported to be 37.7 and 24.3 per 10 5 males and females, respectively (Feray et al, 2008).…”

“…Also Age-standardized incidence rates (ASR) were calculated by the direct method, using the world standard population (Suárez et al, 2009). The Fay and Feuer method was used to calculate the 95% confidence interval for standardized incidence rates.…”

Cáncer oral en Santiago de Cali, Colombia: análisis poblacional de la tendencia de incidencia y mortalidad

“…Estos cambios se asocian a un mayor conocimiento acerca del cáncer, campañas de prevención, mejor tecnología y diagnóstico precoz, 1,7,24 excepto en Puerto Rico, donde incluso se reportó un incremento en las TMEE para ambos sexos durante el periodo 1998-2002. 7,28 En Europa, el comportamiento hasta 2003 no es uniforme y se identifican diferentes tendencias en las TMEE al interior del continente. 29 El presente estudio muestra que en Cali también han disminuido significativamente las TMEE en personas mayores de 65 años para ambos sexos.…”