Age‐related ultrastructural features of the tongue of the rock pigeon Columba livia dakhlae in different three age stages (young, mature, and adult) captured from Egypt

Abstract

This study represents the first attempt to describe the ultra‐structural and histological features of different three age‐stages (young, mature, and adult) of rock pigeon Columba livia dakhlae captured from Egypt. The elongated tongue with round lingual apex carried a lingual nail rostrally on lingual tip. The current work gave a first record of numerous descriptions as in young and mature, small lingual nail formed from aggregation of lingual scales, but in adult, the nail formed from lingual membrane without any lingual scales. The current work gave full descriptive methods of shape, directions, and distribution of filiform‐like papillae with lingual scales among three age‐stages on dorsal surface and lateral border of apex and body. The taste buds present only on the tongue of mature and adult pigeon. The only one transverse row in young took the wide V‐shape but, wide U‐shape in mature and adult. The papillae on the papillary crest took triangular spoonful‐like shape in young and mature, but in adult take the shape of blunt tubercles. The current work was the first record of the presence of the openings of lingual glands on concave dorsal lingual surface of giant papillae and papillae of papillary crest in adult stage. The lingual membrane was thin one membrane in young and three to four layers in mature but, in adult it is well‐developed and formed from 10–11 layers. The supportive entoglossum cartilaginous was extended rostrally till the apical part.

Gross morphological, histological and scanning electron specifications of the oropharyngeal cavity of the hooded crow (Corvus cornix pallescens)

“…Under the lingual epithelium, the submucosa mainly formed of highly vascularised fibro‐elastic connective tissue and longitudinally oriented lingual skeletal muscles that may enable the voluntary control of lingual protrusion and movement of the food particles within the oropharynx and during swallowing too. The entoglossum extended rostrally throughout the submucosa of the tongue except for the apical part of the tongue like most avian species (Abumandour & Kandyel, 2020; Samar et al., 1995), while in some species like European kestrel and Hume's tawny owl, it was extended from the tip till the root of the tongue and it was supported by skeletal muscles (Abumandour & El‐Bakary, 2017b). The entoglossum appeared as hyaline cartilage surrounded by connective tissue capsule and invaded by blood vessels that referred to signs of ossification while in hoopoe was cartilaginous in the apex and ossified towards the root of the tongue (Abumandour & Gewaily, 2019b; Jackowiak et al., 2006).…”

“…Generally, the lingual Salivary glands are well developed in the granivorous avian species, ill‐developed in the predatory avian species, but they are poorly developed in the piscivores avian species or even absent as in stork (Abumandour & Kandyel, 2020; Hanna Jackowiak et al., 2015; Tütüncü, Onuk, & Kabak, 2012) and the cormorant bird (Jackowiak et al., 2006). The glandular tissues that had been demonstrated in the current study could be classified into three types: lingual, sublingual and palatine glands.…”

“…Moreover, the ventral lingual epithelium had lower thickness than the dorsal one (Jackowiak & Ludwig, 2008) and this may be due to the absence of their role in food manipulation (Gussekloo & Bout, 2005b). (Abumandour & Kandyel, 2020;Samar et al, 1995), while in some species like European kestrel and Hume's tawny owl, it was extended from the tip till the root of the tongue and it was supported by skeletal muscles (Abumandour & El-Bakary, 2017b).…”

“…The previous studies on the birds' oropharynx were focused on the tongue (Abumandour, 2018;Abumandour & El-Bakary, 2019;Abumandour & Kandyel, 2020;Al-Ahmady Al-Zahaby, 2016;Jackowiak, Andrzejewski, & Godynicki, 2006;Onuk, Tutuncue, Kabak, & Alan, 2013;Pasand, Tadjalli, & Mansouri, 2010). There was scanty information about the oropharyngeal cavity of the crow except by (Igwebuike & Eze, 2010) in the African pied crow (Corvus albus) and (Elsheikh & Al-Zahaby, 2014) in the hooded crow (Corvus cornix), that was restricted only on the tongue.…”

Anatomical, histological and immunohistochemical study of the tongue in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

“…The most of the functional processes inside the oral cavity are carried out by the tongue, whose presence and description have been showed in different species of fish, demonstrating the variation in the presence of anatomical structures like taste buds, mucous cells and teeth in teleosts, also of commercial interest (Abbate et al., 2006,2017,2020a,2020b; Abbate, Guerrera, Montalbano, Ciriaco, et al., 2012; Abbate, Guerrera, Montalbano, De Carlos, et al., 2012; Alsafy, Bassuoni, & Hanafy, 2018; Amato et al., 2012; Dos Santos, Arantes, Santiago, & Dos Santos, 2015; El Bakary, 2014; Elgendy, Alsafy, & Tanekhy, 2016; Germanà et al., 2009; Guerrera et al., 2015; Ikpegbu, Ibe, & Nlebedum, 2019; Kasumyan, 2019; Kettratad, Senarat, Boonyoung, & Jiraungkoorsku, 2017; Levanti et al., 2017; Mahmoud, Essa, & Sayed, 2016; Sadeghinezhad, Rahmati‐holasoo, Fayyaz, & Zargar, 2015; Sayed, Mahmoud, & Essa, 2019; Yu et al., 2019). Several significant papers, important as comparative data, are present in the literature in upper vertebrates like birds, reptiles and mammals (Abbate et al, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2020b; Abumandour & Kandyel, 2020; Barbosa et al., 2020; Bels et al., 2020; Cizek, Hamouzova, Goździewska‐Harłajczuk, Klećkowska‐Nawrot, & Kvapil, 2020; Cizek, Hamouzova, Kvapil, & Kyllar, 2019; Emura, 2016a,2016b,2016c,2017,2018a,2018b,2018c,2018d,2019; Erdoğan & Alan, 2012; Erdoğan & Iwasaki, 2014; Erdoğan Lima & Pérez, 2016; Erdoğan Villar Arias & Pérez, 2016; Erdoğan, Villar Arias, et al., 2016; Erdoğan et al., 2018a; Erdoğan and Sağsöz, 2018b; Freire et al., 2019; Gonçalves et al., …”