Age-Related Effects of Alcohol on Memory and Memory-Related Brain Function in Adolescents and Adults

White, Aaron M.; Swartzwelder, H. Scott

doi:10.1007/0-306-48626-1_8

Cited by 129 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 60 publications

(50 reference statements)

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“…The frequency with which human alcohol consumption begins during and before adolescence has led to increased interest in studying the effects of alcohol on juvenile animals (reviewed by Witt, 1994;Hiller-Sturmhöfel and Swartzwelder, 2004;Spear and Varlinskaya, 2005;White and Swartzwelder, 2005). With a number of interesting parallels to adolescent humans, adolescent rats can serve as a model for studying effects of alcohol on the immature brain (reviewed by .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Important differences have emerged in comparing the acute effects of alcohol in adolescent and adult rats. Adolescent rats were more sensitive than adults to the effects of ethanol on memory processes and associated hippocampal function (Swartzwelder et al, 1995;Markwiese et al, 1998;White and Swartzwelder, 2005). In contrast, adolescent rats are less sensitive than adults to a number of effects of ethanol that are seen as potential cues to moderate alcohol consumption (reviewed in Spear and Varlinskaya, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Severity of alcohol withdrawal symptoms depends on developmental stage of Long–Evans rats

Chung

Wang

Wehman

et al. 2008

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

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To investigate alcohol dependency and the potential role of age of initial alcohol consumption, Long-Evans (LE) rats were fed an ethanol-containing liquid diet starting at postnatal (P) ages (days): P23-27 (juvenile), P35-45 (adolescent) or P65-97 (young adult). Severity of subsequent withdrawal symptoms was dependent on age when consumption began and on duration of alcohol consumption. Frequency of withdrawal seizures was highest for rats starting consumption as juveniles, intermediate for adolescents and lowest for adults. Normalized to body weight, alcohol consumption was significantly higher for adolescent and juvenile rats than for adults. SpragueDawley rats that began alcohol consumption as adolescents (P35) had a level of alcohol consumption identical to that of the adolescent LE rats but showed much lower frequency of withdrawal seizures when tested after 2, 3 and 5 weeks of alcohol consumption. Based on several indicators, the capacity of the juveniles to metabolize ethanol is equal to or exceeds that of adults. Recoveries from a single dose of ethanol (2.5g ethanol/kg body weight) were faster for juvenile LE rats than adults. The rate of decline in blood ethanol concentration was identical for juvenile and adult rats while the corrected ethanol elimination rate was higher for juveniles. The primary isozyme of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) in rat liver, ADH-3, had a similar Km and higher activity in liver preparations from juveniles. In conclusion, LE rats beginning alcohol consumption as juveniles or adolescents develop a severe alcohol withdrawal syndrome that may not be attributed entirely to higher levels of consumption and was not explained by any obvious deficiencies in metabolism.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Severity of alcohol withdrawal symptoms depends on developmental stage of Long–Evans rats

Chung

Wang

Wehman

et al. 2008

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

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“…Both limbic and cortical structures, known to be affected by chronic ethanol exposure, undergo active development during the adolescent period (10)(11)(12)(13). In addition, adolescent rats consume more alcohol than adults under a variety of conditions, further increasing their vulnerability to adverse consequences (14)(15).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term risk preference and suboptimal decision making following adolescent alcohol use

Nasrallah¹,

Yang²,

Bernstein

2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Individuals who abused alcohol at an early age show decisionmaking impairments. However, the question of whether maladaptive choice constitutes a predisposing factor to, or a consequence resulting from, alcohol exposure remains open. To examine whether a causal link exists between voluntary alcohol consumption during adolescence and adult decision making the present studies used a rodent model. High levels of voluntary alcohol intake were promoted by providing adolescent rats with access to alcohol in a palatable gel matrix under nondeprivation conditions. A probability-discounting instrumental response task offered a choice between large but uncertain rewards and small but certain rewards to assess risk-based choice in adulthood either 3 weeks or 3 months following alcohol exposure. While control animals' performance on this task closely conformed to a predictive model of risk-neutral value matching, rats that consumed high levels of alcohol during adolescence violated this model, demonstrating greater risk preference. Evidence of significant risk bias was still present when choice was assessed 3 months following discontinuation of alcohol access. These findings provide evidence that adolescent alcohol exposure may lead to altered decision making during adulthood and this model offers a promising approach to the investigation of the neurobiological underpinnings of this link.adolescence ͉ probability discounting A dolescent alcohol use is a serious public health problem and is associated with an increased risk for development of chronic alcohol use disorders in adulthood (1). Furthermore, an association between a history of alcohol abuse and deficits in decision making has been documented (2-5). However, the question of whether maladaptive choices constitute a predisposing factor to, or a consequence resulting from, alcohol use remains open. Animal models allow for direct testing of causality and for examination of potential neural substrates underlying an association between alcohol use and risky decision making.Developing rodent models of alcohol abuse has been challenged by the fact that most rat strains do not freely consume significant amounts of ethanol in solution. A method for overcoming the reluctance of nondeprived rats to drink high levels of ethanol in solution was developed by Rowland et al. (6). It utilizes a palatable gel matrix containing ethanol and when made available to rats it stimulates robust and reliable selfadministration, without the need for fluid or food deprivation or any training period. Intake of these alcohol ''Jello Shots'' resulted in significant elevations of blood alcohol concentrations (6) in the range of 5 to 45 mg % with a linear relationship to amount consumed (r ϭ 0.94). Furthermore, alterations in brain chemistry in association with this administration protocol have also been documented (7-8). Since this delivery method does not require training to promote intake, it is particularly appropriate for developmental studies, such as those focused on adolescence, since, in ro...

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“…Estas consecuencias eran especialmente evidentes en pruebas que implicaban a la memoria de trabajo 21 , aunque también fueron observadas dificultades persistentes en pruebas de aprendizaje y memoria espacial 22 . Una buena revisión de estos trabajos se encuentra en White y Swartzwelder 23 .…”

Section: Algunos Estudios Con Modelos Animales Dispararon Todas Las Aunclassified

Alcohol y cerebro adolescente

Mahía¹

2009

Adicciones

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Binge Drinking (BD) pattern is firmly established among adolescents and young people. This pattern has raised a strong concern within the neuroscience community due to its possible impact on specific brain regions still maturing. Research with animal models demonstrates that BD may have serious structural and functional effects during these ages. Some regions like the prefrontal cortex or the hippocampus and the cognitive processes in which these structures play a role seem to be specific targets of alcohol. Results provided by the scarce studies carried out in humans support the evidence from previous animal experiments. However, we are far from being able to answer if this pattern of consumption has a special effect in the adolescent brain and what the short and long-term consequences are. Common limitations in human studies include the insufficient control of powerful confounding factors, the use of designs that does not allow differentiation between markers and effects, the use of reduced samples and the lack of replication studies. Although the innocuousness hypothesis is no longer sustained and experimental evidence has accumulated showing the risk associated with BD, results have been somewhat overinterpretated. The valuable contributions of cross-sectional designs should be complemented by the contributions of prospective longitudinal studies with appropriated sample sizes and a higher control of critical variables in order to identify short and long-term structural and neurocognitive consequences.Key words: alcohol, binge drinking, adolescence, brain, cognitive function.El patrón de consumo intensivo intermitente de alcohol (Binge Drinking) se ha consolidado entre adolescentes y jóvenes. Este patrón (BD) ha despertado una fuerte preocupación en la comunidad neurocientífica por su posible impacto en un cerebro aún en maduración. La investigación con modelos animales demuestra los graves efectos estructurales y funcionales que un patrón BD puede tener a estas edades. Algunas regiones como el cortex prefrontal y el hipocampo, de maduración más tardía, y los importantes procesos que éstas organizan, parecen diana especial de la acción del alcohol. Los escasos estudios realizados en humanos van en la dirección de lo adelantado por la investigación animal. Sin embargo, estamos lejos de poder responder si este patrón BD afecta de forma especial al cerebro adolescente y de precisar cuáles son sus consecuencias a corto y largo plazo. Son limitaciones habituales en los estudios el insuficiente control de poderosos factores de confusión, la utilización de diseños que no permiten diferenciar entre marcadores y efectos, el uso de muestras reducidas o la ausencia de réplicas. Aunque se hace insostenible una hipótesis de inocuidad y se acumula evidencia que nos advierte sobre los peligros de esta forma de consumo, se ha producido en general una cierta sobreinterpretación de los resultados. A la valiosa contribución realizada por estudios transversales debe seguir la de estudios longitudinales, en muestras de tamaño ap...

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Age-Related Effects of Alcohol on Memory and Memory-Related Brain Function in Adolescents and Adults

Cited by 129 publications

References 60 publications

Severity of alcohol withdrawal symptoms depends on developmental stage of Long–Evans rats

Severity of alcohol withdrawal symptoms depends on developmental stage of Long–Evans rats

Long-term risk preference and suboptimal decision making following adolescent alcohol use

Alcohol y cerebro adolescente

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