Age-Related Differences in Parathion and Chlorpyrifos Toxicity in Male Rats: Target and Nontarget Esterase Sensitivity and Cytochrome P450-Mediated Metabolism

Atterberry, Terrilyn T.; Burnett, W.; Chambers, Janice E.

doi:10.1006/taap.1997.8303

Cited by 155 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The hepatic microsomal content cytochrome P-450 (in pmol/μg liver protein) in male rats as a function of age (in days after birth). The data were calculated from data reported in the literature (Atterberry et al, 1997). Changes in adrenergic receptor density following desipramine administration.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Childhood and adolescent depression: Why do children and adults respond differently to antidepressant drugs?

Bylund

Reed

2007

Neurochemistry International

102

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Childhood and adolescent depression is an increasingly problematic diagnosis for young people due to a lack of effective treatments for this age group. The symptoms of adult depression can be treated effectively with multiple classes of antidepressant drugs which have been developed over the years using animal and human studies. But many of the antidepressants used to treat adult depression cannot be used for pediatric depression because of a lack of efficacy and/or side effects. The reason that children and adolescents respond differently to antidepressant treatment than adults is poorly understood. In order to better understand the etiology of pediatric depression and treatments that are effective for this age group the differences between and adults and children and adolescents needed to be elucidated. Much of the understanding of adult depression has come from studies using adult animals therefore studies using juvenile animals would likely help us to better understand childhood and adolescent depression. Recent studies have shown both neurochemical and behavioral differences between adult and juvenile animals after antidepressant treatment. Juvenile animals have differences compared to adult animals in the maturation of the serotonergic and noradrenergic systems, and in dose of antidepressant drug needed to achieve similar brain levels. Differences after administration of antidepressant drug have also been reported for adrenergic receptor regulation, a physiologic hypothermic response, as well as behavioral differences in two animal models of depression. The differences between adults and juveniles not only in the human response to antidepressants but also with animals studies warrant a specific distinction between the study of pediatric and adult depression and the manner in which new treatments are pursued.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Childhood and adolescent depression: Why do children and adults respond differently to antidepressant drugs?

Bylund

Reed

2007

Neurochemistry International

102

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“…Young animals may be more susceptible to the toxic effects of organophosphates due to lower activity of detoxifying enzymes such as paraoxonase that deactivate active OP metabolites (e.g., paraoxon, chlorpyrifos-oxon) (123,(126)(127)(128)(129)(130)(131). For example, Mortensen et al (126) reported markedly lower plasma and liver chlorpyrifos-oxonase levels in neonate compared to adult rat tissue.…”

Section: Potential Respiratory Health Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In summary, young children may be especially vulnerable to pesticides because of the sensitivity of their developing organ systems combined with a limited ability to enzymatically detoxify these chemicals (13,123,(126)(127)(128)(129)(130)(131). According to the National Academy of Sciences (13), children's OP exposures are of special concern because "exposure to neurotoxic compounds at levels believed to be safe for adults could result in permanent loss of brain function if it occurred during the prenatal and early childhood period of brain development" (13).…”

Section: Potential Respiratory Health Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposures of children to organophosphate pesticides and their potential adverse health effects.

Eskenazi

Bradman

Castorina

1999

Environ Health Perspect

583

326

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Recent studies show that young children can be exposed to pesticides during normal oral exploration of their environment and their level of dermal contact with floors and other surfaces. Children living in agricultural areas may be exposed to higher pesticide levels than other children because of pesticides tracked into their homes by household members, by pesticide drift, by breast milk from their farmworker mother, or by playing in nearby fields. Nevertheless, few studies have assessed the extent of children's pesticide exposure, and no studies have examined whether there are adverse health effects of chronic exposure. There is substantial toxicologic evidence that repeated low-level exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides may affect neurodevelopment and growth in developing animals. For example, animal studies have reported neurobehavorial effects such as impairment on maze performance, locomotion, and balance in neonates exposed (italic)in utero(/italic) and during early postnatal life. Possible mechanisms for these effects include inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase, downregulation of muscarinic receptors, decreased brain DNA synthesis, and reduced brain weight in offspring. Research findings also suggest that it is biologically plausible that OP exposure may be related to respiratory disease in children through dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system. The University of California Berkeley Center for Children's Environmental Health Research is working to build a community-university partnership to study the environmental health of rural children. This Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas, or CHAMACOS in Monterey County, California, will assess (italic)in utero(/italic) and postnatal OP pesticide exposure and the relationship of exposure to neurodevelopment, growth, and symptoms of respiratory illness in children. The ultimate goal of the center is to translate research findings into a reduction of children's exposure to pesticides and other environmental agents, and thereby reduce the incidence of environmentally related disease.

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“…Considerable evidence suggests that immature detoxification mechanisms in the young account for much of the reported age-related differences in sensitivity (e.g., Atterberry et al 1997;Benke and Murphy 1975;Chanda et al 1997;Mendoza 1976;Mortensen et al 1996;Sterri et al 1985). All of these chemicals are detoxified through a combination of P450 microsomal enzymes, carboxylesterases, and/or A-esterases, but the metabolic patterns differ greatly (Chambers et al, 2010).…”

Section: Kineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-Related Differences in Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition Produced by Organophosphorus and N-Methyl Carbamate Pesticides

Moser¹

2011

Pesticides in the Modern World - Pests Control and Pesticides Exposure and Toxicity Assessment

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Age-Related Differences in Parathion and Chlorpyrifos Toxicity in Male Rats: Target and Nontarget Esterase Sensitivity and Cytochrome P450-Mediated Metabolism

Cited by 155 publications

References 34 publications

Childhood and adolescent depression: Why do children and adults respond differently to antidepressant drugs?

Childhood and adolescent depression: Why do children and adults respond differently to antidepressant drugs?

Exposures of children to organophosphate pesticides and their potential adverse health effects.

Age-Related Differences in Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition Produced by Organophosphorus and N-Methyl Carbamate Pesticides

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