Age differences in the personality hierarchy: A multi-sample replication study across the life span

Hang, Yuzhan; Soto, Christopher J.; Speyer, Lydia Gabriela; Haring, Liina; Lee, Billy; Ostendorf, Fritz; Mõttus, René

doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104121

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…De Vries et al ( 2016) use cross-rater agreement estimates of the HEXACO-PI-R to evaluate a number of other item characteristics, but do not report the property per se. Hang et al (2021) showed that both HEXACO items and their unique variances predicted age with twice as much accuracy as HEXACO domains, and 39% more accurately than facetsfindings much in line with those listed above for FFM items (Mõttus & Rozgonjuk, 2019). However, other empirical properties of the items of the HEXACO-PI-R have yet to be reported, and it remains possible that HEXACO domains collectively cover the personality trait space more comprehensively than the FFM (Thielmann et al, 2021), leaving less unique variance for personality nuances.…”

Section: What Makes a Unique Trait?supporting

confidence: 65%

“…Our findings do not disconfirm that HEXACO provides an as good and possibly even better model for parsimoniously describing individual differences than the FFM. However, our findings do suggest that, as one goes further and further down the trait hierarchy, personality is structured in far more complex ways so that differentiating between five or six broad factors at the top does not make much meaningful difference in the sheer amount of information that a test captures in a person (e.g., see Hang et al, 2021 regarding the capture of age differences). So, besides pitting different Big Few models against each other, more research could investigate how and why certain items appear to capture more unique personality information than othersand why seemingly unique properties should all seem to converge as though they were indexing some general "goodness of item" or "goodness of nuance" feature.…”

Section: Items Capture Traits Regardless Of the Instrument They Belon...mentioning

confidence: 64%

“…Items' unique variance often also predicts life outcomes, sometimes more so than the traits for which the items were written (Stewart et al, 2021), besides unique developmental trends (Hang et al, 2021) and variations across cultures (Achaa-Amankwaa et al, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nuanced HEXACO: A Meta-Analysis of HEXACO Cross-Rater Agreement, Heritability, and Rank-Order Stability

Henry¹,

Baker²,

Bratko³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Most Five-Factor Model questionnaire items contain unique variance that 1) is heritable, stable, and observable; 2) demonstrates consistent associations with age and sex, and 3) is predictive of life outcomes over and above higher-order factors. This is consistent with items indexing a unique level of the personality trait hierarchy—nuances. Extending these findings to the six-trait HEXACO model, we meta-analyzed cross-rater agreement, heritability, and two-year stability using samples from Canada, Croatia, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. Analyses were conducted on both raw item scores and their unique variance, and estimates were corrected for short-term test-retest reliability. Median cross-rater agreement, heritability and stability estimates were, respectively, .30,.30 and .57 for raw items and .10,.16 and .39 for item residuals. After reliability correction, the respective medians rose to .46 and .25 for cross-rater agreement, .46 and .39 for heritability, and .87 and 1.00 for stability. These results are strikingly consistent with FFM-based findings, providing further evidence that personality nuances constitute a unique personality hierarchy level with trait properties comparable to those of higher-order traits.

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Section: What Makes a Unique Trait?supporting

confidence: 65%

Section: Items Capture Traits Regardless Of the Instrument They Belon...mentioning

confidence: 64%

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Nuanced HEXACO: A Meta-Analysis of HEXACO Cross-Rater Agreement, Heritability, and Rank-Order Stability

Henry¹,

Baker²,

Bratko³

et al. 2022

Preprint

Self Cite

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“…In their study, at least one item was often able to contribute to predictions, even in cases in which the respective trait score was not related to the outcome. Notably, however, beyond relations to age (Hang et al, 2021), nationality (Achaa-Amankwaa et al, 2021), functioning, or performance, there is little evidence for differential personality nuance associations with physiological variables. For example, Hyatt et al (2022) found that in relation to indicators of the brain structure, individual personality nuances did not show stronger associations than broader personality domains.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the predictive validity of personality disorder criteria.

Müller¹,

Hopwood²,

Skodol³

et al. 2023

Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment

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We tested the predictive validity of personality disorder (PD) indicators at different levels of aggregation, ranging from general PD severity to PD syndrome scales to individual PD criteria. We compared the predictive validity of models on these levels based on interview data on all 78 DSM-IV PD criteria, by using 19 outcome scales in three different samples (N = 651, N = 552, and N = 1,277). We hypothesized that criteria of personality pathology yield a significant increase in predictive validity compared with scales that are aggregated at the syndrome- or general severity-level. We assessed out of sample performance of predictive models in a repeated cross-validation design using regularized linear regression and regression forest algorithms. We observed no significant difference in predictive performance between models trained at the item-level and models trained on scale-level data. We further tested the predictive performance of the trained linear models across samples on outcome measures shared between samples and inspected models for criteria-level information they relied on to make predictions. Our results suggest that little predictive variance is lost when interview items assessing DSM-IV PD criteria are aggregated to dimensional PD scales.

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Nuanced HEXACO: A Meta-Analysis of HEXACO Cross-Rater Agreement, Heritability, and Rank-Order Stability

Henry,

Baker,

Bratko

et al. 2024

Pers Soc Psychol Bull

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Most Five-Factor Model (FFM) questionnaire items contain unique variance that is partly heritable, stable, and consensually observable, demonstrates consistent associations with age and sex, and predicts life outcomes beyond higher order factors. Extending these findings to the HEXACO model, we meta-analyzed single-item cross-rater agreement, heritability, and 2-year stability using samples from six countries. We analyzed raw item scores and their residual variance and adjusted the estimates for measurement unreliability. The median cross-rater agreement, heritability, and stability estimates were, respectively, .30, .30, and .57, for raw items and .10, .16, and .39, for item residuals. Adjusted for reliability, the respective medians were .46 and .25 for cross-rater agreement, .46 and .39 for heritability, and .87 and .94 for stability. These results are strikingly consistent with FFM-based findings, providing nondismissible evidence that single items index a partly unique level of the trait hierarchy—personality nuances—with trait properties comparable to those of higher-order traits.

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Age differences in the personality hierarchy: A multi-sample replication study across the life span

Cited by 3 publications

References 44 publications

Nuanced HEXACO: A Meta-Analysis of HEXACO Cross-Rater Agreement, Heritability, and Rank-Order Stability

Nuanced HEXACO: A Meta-Analysis of HEXACO Cross-Rater Agreement, Heritability, and Rank-Order Stability

Exploring the predictive validity of personality disorder criteria.

Nuanced HEXACO: A Meta-Analysis of HEXACO Cross-Rater Agreement, Heritability, and Rank-Order Stability

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