Age and biogeography of major clades in Liliales

Abstract

A robust phylogeny of 40 genera and all seven families of the Liliales based on rbcL sequences was dated by the mean branch-length method of Bremer and Gustafsson and by Sanderson's nonparametric rate smoothing. The basal node was set to 82 million years (my) from the results of a previous more extensive dating involving all monocots. Confidence intervals for the age estimates were generated by bootstrap analysis. The results indicate that four well-supported clades of Liliales date back to the Cretaceous ∼65 million years ago (mya), Campynemataceae, Melanthiaceae, Smilacaceae + Liliaceae, and Alstroemeriaceae + Luzuriagaceae + Colchicaceae. Aspects of historical biogeography were investigated by dispersal-vicariance analysis. Several dispersal and vicariance events were found to coincide with Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary changes in continental interconnections. The study contains the first published sequence of Campynemanthe, supporting the Campynemataceae as a monophyletic group.

Evolutionary events in Lilium (including Nomocharis, Liliaceae) are temporally correlated with orogenies of the Q–T plateau and the Hengduan Mountains

“…This fossil is attributed to the family Ripogonaceae, which, along with Philesiaceae, is sister to Liliaceae + Smilacaceae (Stevens, 2001 ff.). Notably, the fossil age falls within the uppermost end of the range of dates obtained by Vinnersten and Bremer (2001) for the divergence of Mya) in their work on divergences of major clades within Liliales. Within Liliaceae we found no reliable records of macrofossils.…”

“…Thus, eastern Asian clades may have been affected by geological activity occurring within the H-D mountain region of the Q-T Plateau. Vinnersten and Bremer (2001) used rbcL sequences to estimate the divergence times of the major clades of Liliales and showed that the genus Lilium evolved $10 Mya. Subsequent studies, in which dating was performed at the familial or ordinal levels, have supported the findings of Vinnersten and Bremer (2001).…”

“…Vinnersten and Bremer (2001) used rbcL sequences to estimate the divergence times of the major clades of Liliales and showed that the genus Lilium evolved $10 Mya. Subsequent studies, in which dating was performed at the familial or ordinal levels, have supported the findings of Vinnersten and Bremer (2001). Within Lilium, _ Ikinci (2011) determined that members of the European section Liriotypus diverged from the rest of the genus 9 Mya ago and that speciation within the section increased $6 Mya.…”

Dispersals of Hyoscyameae and Mandragoreae (Solanaceae) from the New World to Eurasia in the early Miocene and their biogeographic diversification within Eurasia

“…For example, the classical trans-Atlantic distributions of many plants have been considered associated with the breakup of Africa and South America (Raven and Axelrod, 1974;Wu et al, 2003). However, these two landmasses separated from each other 100-120 million years ago (mya) (Bauer, 1993;Hay et al, 1999), and vicariance may be appropriate only to interpret the distributions of some anciently diverged plant taxa, such as Annonaceae and Alstroemeriaceae -Luzuriagaceae, that were dated to Cretaceous (Doyle et al, 2004;Vinnersten and Bremer, 2001). Many plant taxa disjunct between Eurasia and North America may represent elements of the once continuous Arcto-Tertiary or boreal floras in the Tertiary (Li, 1952;Tiffney, 1985;Tiffney and Manchester, 2001).…”

Conteos Cromosomicos en Philesia Magellanica J.F.GMEL. (Liliales: Philesiaceae)

“…En el caso de Philesiaceae, el número cromosómico de la población de Philesia analizada en este trabajo es similar a aquel documentado previamente para especímenes de tres poblaciones de su género hermano Lapageria (2n = 30) (Titov de Tschicshow 1954, Hanson et al 2003, Jara-Seguel & Zúñiga 2004, lo cual sugiere constancia del número básico x = 15 dentro de la familia. Adicionalmente, el número básico x = 15 es un carácter que está presente también en los géneros gondwánicos Rhipogonum (Rhipogonaceae) (Beuzenberg & Hair 1963) y Smilax (Smilacaceae) (Speese 1939), ambos filogenéticamente muy cercanos a Philesiaceae (Vinnersten & Bremer 2001). Estudios citogenéticos adicionales que incluyan un mayor número de poblaciones de Philesia y Lapageria (i.e.…”