Ag2O on ZrO2 as a Recyclable Catalyst for Multicomponent Synthesis of Indenopyrimidine Derivatives

Abstract

We describe the synthesis of silver loaded on zirconia and its use as an efficient catalyst for a one-pot three-component reaction to synthesize 11 indenopyrimidine derivatives, of which 7 are new compounds. The procedure involves substituted benzaldehydes, indane-1,3-dione, and guanidinium hydrochloride, with ethanol as solvent. The proposed green protocol at room temperature is simple and efficient, giving excellent yields (90–96%) in short reaction times (<30 min). The protocol works well according to the green chemistry principles with respect to high atom economy, no need for column separation, and reusability of the catalyst, which are attractive features. XRD, TEM, SEM, and BET analysis were used to characterize the catalyst materials.

Synthesis of novel pyrazole‐based triazolidin‐3‐one derivatives by using ZnO/ZrO2 as a reusable catalyst under green conditions

“…Figure illustrates the active sites present on the surface of the ZnO/ZrO 2 , which were assessed by an adsorbed pyridine IR in the range of 1400–1600 cm −1 . Pyridine is a basic probe molecule, which can be used to identify the nature of surface acid sites.…”

Recent Progresses in the Multicomponent Synthesis of Dihydropyridines by Applying Sustainable Catalysts Under Green Conditions

“…Bhaskaruni et al (Bhaskaruni et al, 2017) have constructed a heterogeneous catalyst, RuO 2 /ZrO 2 , for the preparation of dihydropyridine derivatives (69), adopting a single-pot synthetic method using a reaction mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of aldehyde (67), malononitrile ( 22), diethyl acetylene dicarboxylate (44), and 3-chloro 4-fluoroaniline (68) under the influence of RuO 2 /ZrO 2 in 10 ml of ethyl alcohol medium. The reaction mixture was continuously stirred, and the produced derivatives were filtered and washed with ethanol (Scheme 23).…”

“…Such properties include calcium channel blocking, anti-mycobacterial, antioxidant, anti-dyslipidemic, Alzheimer's disease, and antidiabetic activities (Kumar et al, 2010;Sirisha et al, 2011;Niaz et al, 2015;Schaller et al, 2018;Malek et al, 2019). Because of the growing reputation of dihydropyridines in the pharmaceutical field, numerous MCRs have been designed to synthesise 1,4-dihydropyridine scaffolds by utilising various heterogeneous catalysts (da Costa Cabrera et al, 2019;Rajesh et al, 2013;Mahinpour et al, 2018;Heydari et al, 2016;Bhaskaruni et al, 2017;Balaboina et al, 2019). Thus, the new MCRs with green protocols have drawn considerable interest, mainly in organic synthesis, drug development, and material science areas with green approaches using effective recyclable heterogeneous catalysts, sustainable procedures with remarkable atom, and carbon efficiency as added benefits.…”

One‐pot multicomponent synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of novel tricyclic indenopyrimidine‐2‐amines

“…[ 17 ] The use of NaOH, NaOMe, ionic liquids, and metal complexes or metal oxides such as silver loaded ZnO 2 to the pyrimidine synthesis has been well described in the literature. [ 18 ] On the other hand, the multicomponent reactions are the vital protocols for synthesis of organic compounds due to advantages such as high atom efficiency, high chemical yields, lesser reaction time, lesser waste, and minimum by‐product formation which makes it superior to the classical protocols. [ 18 ] The indenopyrimidines syntheses through multicomponent reactions have been extensively studied by several research groups.…”

“…[ 18 ] The indenopyrimidines syntheses through multicomponent reactions have been extensively studied by several research groups. [ 18–20 ]…”