African Y Chromosome and mtDNA Divergence Provides Insight into the History of Click Languages

Knight, Andrew P.; Underhill, Peter A.; Mortensen, Holly M.; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; Lin, Alice A.; Henn, Brenna M.; Louis, Dorothy; Ruhlen, Merritt; Mountain, Joanna L.

doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(03)00246-x

Cited by 39 publications

(62 citation statements)

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“…Before this contact, separation of eastern and southern African populations is likely to have occurred at least 15 ka, and may have occurred as early as 40-50 ka, with little subsequent gene flow (10,13,14,25). The apparent molecular age and distribution of the M293 haplogroup underscores that this locus is exceptionally informative with regards to the context of this important inter- Table 1 are indicated by cross hatches.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The relatively high frequency of M35* in both eastern (e.g., Sandawe, Datog, Maasai) and southern (e.g., Kxoe) African populations is intriguing given previous studies showing substantial isolation between the two regions (10,11,13,14). Jointly, these studies suggest two temporally distinct migration events between the regions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 83%

“…The earlier event has been dated at Ͼ30,000 years ago and may have involved people with Khoisan linguistic affiliations moving into southern Africa, as evidenced by the Y-chromosome A and B clades [supporting information (SI) Fig. S1] (10,13,14) and mtDNA L0d clade (10). The second event involves the migration of Bantu-speaking agropastoralists from eastern Africa into southern Africa Ϸ1,500 years ago (15).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Y-chromosomal evidence of a pastoralist migration through Tanzania to southern Africa

Henn¹,

Gignoux²,

Lin

et al. 2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Although geneticists have extensively debated the mode by which agriculture diffused from the Near East to Europe, they have not directly examined similar agropastoral diffusions in Africa. It is unclear, for example, whether early instances of sheep, cows, pottery, and other traits of the pastoralist package were transmitted to southern Africa by demic or cultural diffusion. Here, we report a newly discovered Y-chromosome-specific polymorphism that defines haplogroup E3b1f-M293. This polymorphism reveals the monophyletic relationship of the majority of haplotypes of a previously paraphyletic clade, E3b1-M35*, that is widespread in Africa and southern Europe. To elucidate the history of the E3b1f haplogroup, we analyzed this haplogroup in 13 populations from southern and eastern Africa. The geographic distribution of the E3b1f haplogroup, in association with the microsatellite diversity estimates for populations, is consistent with an expansion through Tanzania to southern-central Africa. The data suggest this dispersal was independent of the migration of Bantu-speaking peoples along a similar route. Instead, the phylogeography and microsatellite diversity of the E3b1f lineage correlate with the arrival of the pastoralist economy in southern Africa. Our Y-chromosomal evidence supports a demic diffusion model of pastoralism from eastern to southern Africa Ϸ2,000 years ago.pastoralism ͉ phylogeography ͉ population genetics ͉ Y-chromosome ͉ Khoisan

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 83%

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confidence: 99%

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Y-chromosomal evidence of a pastoralist migration through Tanzania to southern Africa

Henn¹,

Gignoux²,

Lin

et al. 2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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134

120

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“…12,[31][32][33] The data set includes 39 populations from the major language groups: Khoisan (!Kung1, !Kung2, Khwe, Hadza), Nilo-Saharan (Kanuri, Songhai, Turkana, Nubian, Sudanese, Mbuti, Datoga), Afroasiatic (Moroccan Berber, non-Berber Moroccan, Egyptian, Algerian Mozabite, Tuareg, Somalian, Amhara, Hausa, Podokwo, Mandara, Uldeme, Iraqw), Niger-Congo non-Bantu (Fulbe ¼ Fulfulde, Yoruba, Serer, Wolof, Mandinka, Tupuri), and Niger-Congo Bantu (Bubi, Fang, Biaka, Kikuyu, Mozambique1, Mozambique2, Bakaka, Bassa, Mbenzele, Sukuma) ( Figure 1). Some populations represented in the original data sets 12,31 -33 were omitted because they are not found on the African mainland, are Cameroonian populations not represented in the Y chromosome data set, 33 or because linguistic designations could not be inferred.…”

Section: Mtdnamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The approximate location of 40 populations typed for Y chromosome markers in this study (K) and 39 populations surveyed for HVS1 sequence data 12,31,32,33 (J) are indicated. The distribution of the four African language families was constructed using Greenberg's 39 classifications and further refined with data from the ethnologue (http://www.ethnologue.com/).…”

Section: Mantel Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes

et al. 2005

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To investigate associations between genetic, linguistic, and geographic variation in Africa, we type 50 Y chromosome SNPs in 1122 individuals from 40 populations representing African geographic and linguistic diversity. We compare these patterns of variation with those that emerge from a similar analysis of published mtDNA HVS1 sequences from 1918 individuals from 39 African populations. For the Y chromosome, Mantel tests reveal a strong partial correlation between genetic and linguistic distances (r ¼ 0.33, P ¼ 0.001) and no correlation between genetic and geographic distances (r ¼ À0.08, P40.10). In contrast, mtDNA variation is weakly correlated with both language (r ¼ 0.16, P ¼ 0.046) and geography (r ¼ 0.17, P ¼ 0.035). AMOVA indicates that the amount of paternal among-group variation is much higher when populations are grouped by linguistics (U CT ¼ 0.21) than by geography (U CT ¼ 0.06). Levels of maternal genetic among-group variation are low for both linguistics and geography (U CT ¼ 0.03 and 0.04, respectively). When Bantu speakers are removed from these analyses, the correlation with linguistic variation disappears for the Y chromosome and strengthens for mtDNA. These data suggest that patterns of differentiation and gene flow in Africa have differed for men and women in the recent evolutionary past. We infer that sex-biased rates of admixture and/or language borrowing between expanding Bantu farmers and local hunter-gatherers played an important role in influencing patterns of genetic variation during the spread of African agriculture in the last 4000 years.

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Genetic perspectives on forager‐farmer interaction in the Luangwa Valley of Zambia

Filippo

Heyn

Barham

et al. 2009

American J Phys Anthropol

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The transformation from a foraging way of life to a reliance on domesticated plants and animals often led to the expansion of agropastoralist populations at the expense of hunter-gatherers (HGs). In Africa, one of these expansions involved the Niger-Congo Bantu-speaking populations that started to spread southwards from Cameroon/Nigeria approximately 4,000 years ago, bringing agricultural technologies. Genetic studies have shown different degrees of gene flow (sometimes involving sex-biased migrations) between Bantu agriculturalists and HGs. Although these studies have covered many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, the central part (e.g. Zambia) was not yet studied, and the interactions between immigrating food-producers and local HGs are still unclear. Archeological evidence from the Luangwa Valley of Zambia suggests a long period of coexistence ( approximately 1,700 years) of early food-producers and HGs. To investigate if this apparent coexistence was accompanied by genetic admixture, we analyzed the mtDNA control region, Y chromosomal unique event polymorphisms, and 12 associated Y- short tandem repeats in two food-producing groups (Bisa and Kunda) that live today in the Luangwa Valley, and compared these data with available published data on African HGs. Our results suggest that both the Bisa and Kunda experienced at most low levels of admixture with HGs, and these levels do not differ between the maternal and paternal lineages. Coalescent simulations indicate that the genetic data best fit a demographic scenario with a long divergence (62,500 years) and little or no gene flow between the ancestors of the Bisa/Kunda and existing HGs. This scenario contrasts with the archaeological evidence for a long period of coexistence between the two different communities in the Luangwa Valley, and suggests a process of sociocultural boundary maintenance may have characterized their interaction.

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African Y Chromosome and mtDNA Divergence Provides Insight into the History of Click Languages

Cited by 39 publications

References 0 publications

Y-chromosomal evidence of a pastoralist migration through Tanzania to southern Africa

Y-chromosomal evidence of a pastoralist migration through Tanzania to southern Africa

Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes

Genetic perspectives on forager‐farmer interaction in the Luangwa Valley of Zambia

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