This chapter appraises sub-Saharan Africa's development experience in the postindependence era. The evidence indicates that the experience has been varied and episodic. Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, the region has become one of the fastest growing in the world, but structural transformation remains elusive as the growth is propelled principally by primary exports-fossil fuel, other minerals, and unprocessed agricultural commodities and forest products. Meanwhile, the private sector is emerging as an innovative force for change; foreign investment, though concentrated in extractive industries, is rising; and democracy is gradually taking firm root despite challenges of rising poverty, climate change, and poor infrastructure.