Aflatoxins Contamination in Maize Products from Rural Communities in San Luis Potosi, Mexico

Abstract

Background: Aflatoxins are a group of mycotoxins that have been associated with hepatic damage and cancer. Aflatoxins B1 and B2 are secondary metabolites produced by fungi Aspergillus. These toxins can be found in a variety of commodities, especially in maize, and have been studied around the world due to their effects in human health. The Latin American population is especially exposed to aflatoxins given that maize products can be found in traditional diets all over the continent. Interestingly, in Mexico, chronic hepatic diseases and cirrhosis are leading causes of death in adult population. Methods: In order to observe the effect of physical variables like temperature and humidity, this study was conducted collecting samples in four different seasons, in two communities in the State of San Luis Potosi, in Mexico. The content of aflatoxins in tortillas was measured using immunoaffinity columns prior to HPLC-FLD analysis. Findings: Results showed that 18% of samples exceeded the Mexican limits for AFB1; whereas, 26% of the samples exceeded the limits of the European Union for AFB1. The AFB1 was detected in 80% of samples in one site and higher concentrations were found in samples collected during fall and winter seasons. Conclusions: Lack of control in storing practices is the principal cause for the contamination of maize. Considering that maize products are part of the staple diet of Mexican population, our results show that AFB1 detection has to be declared a public health priority. Detection and prevention of aflatoxins through a surveillance program, may avoid chronic health effects.

Worldwide aflatoxin contamination of agricultural products and foods: From occurrence to control

“…Of these samples, the highest levels of aflatoxin were detected in maize (38.6%) and maize products (27.8%; Granados‐Chinchilla et al., 2017). In another survey conducted in Mexico, where maize is a staple crop, 171 samples of maize products were analyzed for aflatoxin B1, 18% and 26% of the samples exceeded the Mexican and EU regulatory limits, respectively (Zuki‐Orozco et al., 2018). Previous studies of similar products in different parts of Mexico also reported aflatoxin contamination levels beyond the Mexican regulatory limit of 12 ug/kg (Castillo‐Urueta et al., 2011; Espinosa et al., 1995).…”

Aflatoxin Detoxification Using Microorganisms and Enzymes

“…AFs are metabolites of difurans and the double bond in the furan ring is the main site leading to genetic mutations and carcinogenic teratogenic effects [ 100 ]. The main toxic structure present in AFs is the coumarin lactone ring, which is readily hydrolyzed [ 101 , 102 , 103 ]. During the degradation process, the active substances secreted by the microorganisms are mainly enzymes that convert the AFs into other substances.…”

A Recent Overview of Producers and Important Dietary Sources of Aflatoxins

“…Processed maize products are also contaminated with AFs. For example, tortillas and popcorn have been reported to be contaminated with up to 287.23 µg/kg (AFB 1 ) [ 110 ] and up to 120 µg/kg (AFT) [ 111 ], respectively, in Mexico.…”