Aflatoxins and Their Impact on Human and Animal Health: An Emerging Problem

Lizárraga-Paulín, Eva Guadalupe; Moreno-Martínez, Ernesto; Miranda-Castro, Susana Patricia

doi:10.5772/26196

Cited by 17 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) is the most prevalent aflatoxin, usually found in cases of aflatoxicosis, and is responsible for acute toxicity, chronic toxicity, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, genotoxicity, and immunotoxicity (Lizárraga-Paulín et al, 2011). This mycotoxin is activated by cytochromes P-450 to AFB 1 -8,9-exoepoxide and AFB1-8,9-endo-epoxide, but it is the exo-epoxide that binds to DNA to form the predominant 8,9-dihydro-8-(N7-guanyl)-9-hydroxy-AFB 1 (AFB 1 -N7-Gua) adduct (Iyer et al, 1994).…”

Section: Occupational Exposure To Aflatoxin B 1 In Swine Production Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational Exposure to Aflatoxin B₁in Swine Production and Possible Contamination Sources

Viegas

Veiga

Figueredo

et al. 2013

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A

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Although the adverse health consequences of ingestion of food contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) are known, relatively few studies are available on the adverse effects of exposure in occupational settings. Taking this into consideration, our study was developed aiming to elucidate the possible effects of occupational exposure to AFB1 in Portuguese swine production facilities using a specific biomarker to assess exposure to AFB1. In total, 28 workers participated in this study, providing blood samples, and a control group (n = 30) was composed of subjects without any type of agricultural activity. Fungal contamination was also studied by conventional methods through air, surfaces, and new and used floor coverage. Twenty-one workers (75%) showed detectable levels of AFB1 with values ranging from <1 ng/ml to 8.94 ng/ml and with a mean value of 1.91 ± 1.68 ng/ml. In the control group, the AFB1 values were all below 1 ng/ml. Twelve different Aspergillus species were identified. Aspergillus versicolor presented the highest airborne spore counts (3210 CFU/m3) and was also detected in higher values in surfaces (>300 CFU/cm2). Data indicate that exposure to AFB1 occurs in swine barns, and this site serves as a contamination source in an occupational setting.

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Section: Occupational Exposure To Aflatoxin B 1 In Swine Production Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational Exposure to Aflatoxin B₁in Swine Production and Possible Contamination Sources

Viegas

Veiga

Figueredo

et al. 2013

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A

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“…Aflatoxins are currently considered the most important mycotoxins due to their common occurrence in foodstuffs and their highly toxic properties (Kumar et al 2017). There are many types of aflatoxins although the most well-known and naturally occurring are B 1 , B 2 , G 1 , and G 2 (Lizarraga-Paulín et al 2011). The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) as a group 1 carcinogen, and it is considered the most potent naturally occurring carcinogen (Gil-Serna et al 2014).…”

Section: Aflatoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic regulation of aflatoxin, ochratoxin A, trichothecene, and fumonisin biosynthesis: A review

2019

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Mycotoxins are a significant food safety concern. Aflatoxins, trichothecenes, fumonisins, and ochratoxin A are considered the most important mycotoxins due to their frequent occurrence in food products and their well-known toxicity. The regulation of mycotoxin biosynthesis occurs mainly at transcriptional level, and specific regulators have been described in every biosynthetic cluster. Secondary metabolite production, including mycotoxin synthesis, is also regulated by general regulator pathways affected by light, osmotic stress and oxidative stress, among others. This review is focused on this genetic regulation of mycotoxin biosynthesis by specific genes and global regulators.

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“…Aspergillus sp. optimal growth happens at a temperature of 25°C with a minimum water activity of 0.75, however, their secondary metabolites production starts at 10-12°C with the most toxic metabolites produced at 25°C with 0.95 water activity [1]. Those growth patterns differ between different strains of Aspergillus sp., for example, optimal growth temperature of the most significant strains, A. flavus and A. parasiticus, occurs at 33°C and 35°C, respectively [6,7].…”

Section: Introduction 11 Aflatoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Aflatoxins (AFs) are a group of mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus species mainly by A. flavus and A. parasiticus [1] and to a lesser extent, by A. bombycis, A. ochraceoroseus, A. nomius, and A. pseudotamari [2]. Eighteen AFs have been identified so far, but the ones with major significance are aflatoxin B 1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B 2 , aflatoxin G 1 , aflatoxin G 2 , aflatoxin M 1 , and aflatoxin M 2 [1,3]. AFs are difuranocoumarin molecules that are produced by the polyketide pathway of fungi.…”

Section: Introduction 11 Aflatoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aflatoxins in the Era of Climate Change: The Mediterranean Experience

Daou¹,

Assaf²,

Khoury³

2022

Aflatoxins - Occurrence, Detection and Novel Detoxification Strategies

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Aspergilluss sp. is a fungi that attack crops on the field or during storage. Generally, those fungi are most frequent in tropical and subtropical regions where environmental factors characterized by high humidity and temperatures are favorable for their production. Aflatoxins are produced as their secondary metabolites including aflatoxin B1. Aflatoxins have been classified as carcinogenic to human by the International Agency for Research on Cancer due to their profound health effects, mainly, hepatocarcinogenicity. Hence, they contaminate a large share of the global food chain. Traditionally, aflatoxin contamination was not frequent in temperate regions such as the Mediterranean, however, with climate change patterns including elevated temperatures, increased humidity, and increased droughts, a shift in fungal attack patterns is expected in such areas in a way that favors Aspergillus sp. infestation and aflatoxin contamination. Therefore, with increased global warming more aflatoxin contamination is expected in the Mediterranean basin, specifically, the Sothern European countries.

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Aflatoxins and Their Impact on Human and Animal Health: An Emerging Problem

Cited by 17 publications

References 83 publications

Occupational Exposure to Aflatoxin B₁in Swine Production and Possible Contamination Sources

Occupational Exposure to Aflatoxin B₁in Swine Production and Possible Contamination Sources

Genetic regulation of aflatoxin, ochratoxin A, trichothecene, and fumonisin biosynthesis: A review

Aflatoxins in the Era of Climate Change: The Mediterranean Experience

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Aflatoxins and Their Impact on Human and Animal Health: An Emerging Problem

Cited by 17 publications

References 83 publications

Occupational Exposure to Aflatoxin B1in Swine Production and Possible Contamination Sources

Occupational Exposure to Aflatoxin B1in Swine Production and Possible Contamination Sources

Genetic regulation of aflatoxin, ochratoxin A, trichothecene, and fumonisin biosynthesis: A review

Aflatoxins in the Era of Climate Change: The Mediterranean Experience

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Product

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Occupational Exposure to Aflatoxin B₁in Swine Production and Possible Contamination Sources

Occupational Exposure to Aflatoxin B₁in Swine Production and Possible Contamination Sources