Aflatoxin M1 in traditional and industrial pasteurized milk samples from Tiran County, Isfahan Province

Abstract

In this study, the aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) concentration in traditional and industrial milk and risk assessment due to AFM1 exposure using the Monte Carlo simulations technique was investigated. The mean concentration of AFM1 in traditional and industrial milk samples was 53.00 ± 11.49 and 54.33 ± 12.22 ng/L, respectively, which was higher than European Union and Codex standards. Percentile 95% of hazard quotient (HQ) adults and children due to industrial ingestion milk was 1.056 and 4.956, and traditional milk was 1.031 and 5.116, respectively. Hazard quotient in all age consumers was higher than 1. Therefore, consumers are at a considerable health risk.

Occurrence of mycotoxins in pastures: A systematic review

“…AFB 1 was detected in only one study by Reed and Moore (2009), who reported this mycotoxin in 15% of the pasture samples from Australia at levels of 14-15 µg/kg, which is close to the limit determined by the United States and EU for animal feed (European Commission, 2010;FDA, 2016). The occurrence of high levels of AFB 1 in feed of dairy cows is alarming, considering that 0.35-6.2% of the parent compound may be excreted into milk as AFM 1 (Souza et al, 2021), and the fact that this metabolite also exhibits carcinogenic properties and toxic effects on the liver, kidneys, hematopoietic stem cells, and immune system (Daou et al, 2022;Jafari et al, 2021;Mokhtarian et al, 2020). In addition, AFM 1 remains stable in milk and other dairy products even after conventional thermal processing performed in dairy plants (Pires et al, 2022;Souza et al, 2021), thus representing a remarkable danger to human health, especially to infants (0-12 months) (Daou et al., 2022;Jafari et al, 2021).…”

“…The occurrence of high levels of AFB 1 in feed of dairy cows is alarming, considering that 0.35-6.2% of the parent compound may be excreted into milk as AFM 1 (Souza et al, 2021), and the fact that this metabolite also exhibits carcinogenic properties and toxic effects on the liver, kidneys, hematopoietic stem cells, and immune system (Daou et al, 2022;Jafari et al, 2021;Mokhtarian et al, 2020). In addition, AFM 1 remains stable in milk and other dairy products even after conventional thermal processing performed in dairy plants (Pires et al, 2022;Souza et al, 2021), thus representing a remarkable danger to human health, especially to infants (0-12 months) (Daou et al., 2022;Jafari et al, 2021). Hence, the absence of data from African and Asian continents, and the few data reported in South American countries stress the need for studies on the occurrence of mycotoxins in pastures from those regions.…”

Recent advances in plant‐based compounds for mitigation of mycotoxin contamination in food products: current status, challenges and perspectives

“…Human mycotoxin exposure can take place through ingestion, inhalation and contact. Harmful effects of these mycotoxins in the human body include cancers, endocrine disorders, neurological disorders, hepatitis, immunosuppression and necrosis (Mokhtarian et al ., 2020; Heshmati et al ., 2021; Jafari et al ., 2021). The International Agency of Research on Cancer (IARC) categorised some main mycotoxins into five categories based on sufficient evidence for human carcinogenicity due to toxicological investigations (Heshmati et al ., 2021).…”

Ozone in wineries and wine processing: A review of the benefits, application, and perspectives

“…Mycotoxins are natural fungal contaminants common in a wide diversity of food products (De Souza et al., 2021; Heshmati et al., 2021; Jafari et al., 2021; Bangar et al, 2022; Mokhtarian et al., 2020). Mycotoxins can increase liver, bladder, lung cancer risk, infections, risk of several forms of cancer, asthma and arthritis, neurological problems, and mental depression (Batrinou et al., 2020; Deng et al., 2020; Grumi et al., 2020; Nourbakhsh and Tajbaksh, 2021; Pires et al, 2022; Mir et al., 2021).…”