Aflatoxin M1 in Africa: Exposure Assessment, Regulations, and Prevention Strategies – A Review

Zinedine, Abdellah; Salah-Abbès, Jalila Ben; Abbès, Samir; Tantaoui-Elaraki, A.

doi:10.1007/398_2021_73

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 99 publications

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“…The occurrence of AFM1 is a worldwide problem. In certain cases, it can reach extremely high contamination (Saha Turna and Wu, 2021), and, for some areas, the increase of the contamination can also be seen in the published data, especially in African (Zinedine et al, 2021) and Asian countries (Nejad et al, 2019;Xiong et al, 2021). It should be pointed out that the maximum limits are not health-based limits but reflect the maximum concentration of a contaminant that can be maintained under the growing conditions of the country.…”

Section: Exposure and Risk Characterization Results And Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Probabilistic modeling and risk characterization of the chronic aflatoxin M1 exposure of Hungarian consumers

et al. 2022

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Aflatoxin contamination can appear in various points of the food chain. If animals are fed with contaminated feed, AFB1 is transformed—among others—to aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) metabolite. AFM1 is less toxic than AFB1, but it is still genotoxic and carcinogenic and it is present in raw and processed milk and all kinds of milk products. In this article, the chronic exposure estimation and risk characterization of Hungarian consumers are presented, based on the AFM1 contamination of milk and dairy products, and calculated with a probabilistic method, the two-dimensional Monte-Carlo model. The calculations were performed using the R plugin (mc2d package) integrated into the KNIME (Konstanz Information Miner) software. The simulations were performed using data from the 2018–2020 food consumption survey. The AFM1 analytical data were derived from the Hungarian monitoring survey and 1,985 milk samples were analyzed within the framework of the joint project of the University of Debrecen and the National Food Chain Safety Office of Hungary (NÉBIH). Limited AFM1 concentrations were available for processed dairy products; therefore, a database of AFM1 processing factors for sour milk products and various cheeses was produced based on the latest literature data, and consumer exposure was calculated with the milk equivalent of the consumed quantities of these products. For risk characterization, the calculation of hazard index (HI), Margin of Exposure, and the hepatocellular carcinoma incidence were used. The results indicate that the group of toddlers that consume a large amount of milk and milk products are exposed to a certain level of health risk. The mean estimated daily intake of toddlers is in the range of 0.008–0.221 ng kg−1 bw day−1; the 97.5th percentile exposure of toddlers is between 0.013 ng kg−1 bw day−1 and 0.379 ng kg−1 bw day−1, resulting in a HI above 1. According to our study, the exposure of older age groups does not pose an emergent health risk. Nevertheless, the presence of carcinogenic compounds should be kept to a minimum in the whole population.

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Section: Exposure and Risk Characterization Results And Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Probabilistic modeling and risk characterization of the chronic aflatoxin M1 exposure of Hungarian consumers

et al. 2022

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“…The current literature reports a highly variable occurrence and concentration of AFM1 in breast milk, with certain studies presenting high incidences (100%) such as Gambia and Tanzania [ 17 ], Iran [ 18 ], the Ecuadorian highlands [ 19 ], and Jordan [ 20 ], while medium or low occurrences have been reported in Portugal (33%), Ghana (22%), Italy and Cameroon (5%), and Brazil (4%) [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Levels of Aflatoxin M1 in Breast Milk of Lactating Mothers in Monterrey, Mexico: Exposure and Health Risk Assessment of Newborns

Salas

Acosta

Garza

et al. 2022

Toxins

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The present study aimed to determine the presence of the aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in breast milk samples from 123 nursing women and the degree of exposure of infants to this toxin, in the metropolitan area of Monterrey, Nuevo Leon state (northeast Mexico). Upon analysis, 100% of the samples were found to be contaminated with the toxin at an average concentration of 17.04 ng/L, with a range of 5.00 to 66.23 ng/L. A total of 13.01% of the breast milk samples exceeded the regulatory limit of 25 ng/L for AFM1 concentration, set by the European Union. The estimated daily intake for AFM1 and the carcinogenic risk index were also determined in the 0- to 6-, 7- to 12-, 13- to 24-, and 25- to 36-month-old age groups. The AFM1 intake through breast milk ranged from 1.09 to 20.17 ng/kg weight/day, and was higher than the tolerable daily intake, indicating a carcinogenic risk for infants in the age groups of 0- to 24-months old. This evidence demonstrates a susceptibility of breast milk to AFM1 contamination that may suggest a carcinogenic risk for the breastfed infants in Monterrey city, Nuevo Leon state, and the need to control the presence of aflatoxins in foods eaten by nursing mothers.

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“…A recent comprehensive review on AFM 1 exposure in Africa concluded that 85%–100% of African infants were highly exposed to AFM 1 through human milk intake, specifically in Egypt, Kenya, Morocco, Nigeria, and Tanzania [ 59 ] ( Table 2 ). Other studies also confirm the presence of this biomarker of exposure in America, such as Mexico [ 60 ] and Brazil [ 61 ].…”

Section: Infant Exposure Through the Mother’s Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Europe, AFM 1 , AFB 1 , OTA, and ZEN were the main mycotoxins detected in Italy, Portugal, Spain, and Turkey [ 15 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 ] exceeding the limits established by the European Union [ 55 , 56 ]. Contamination of infant formulas was also reported in American continents (Brazil and Canada) with AFM 1 , AFB 1 , and OTAs, in South Korea with ZEN, and in Burkina Faso with AFB 1 , OTAs, and FBs [ 22 , 49 , 62 ], and with AFM 1 in Egypt [ 59 ].…”

Section: Other Sources Of Mycotoxin Exposure During Early Childhoodmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mycotoxin Exposure during the First 1000 Days of Life and Its Impact on Children’s Health: A Clinical Overview

Alvito

Pereira‐da‐Silva

2022

Toxins

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The first 1000 days of life are very sensitive to any event that alters health programming, and they represent a window for intervention to improve population health. Pregnant women, fetuses, and infants are particularly vulnerable to exposure to food contaminated with mycotoxins. This review aimed to gather data from the literature on mycotoxins exposure during intrauterine life and early childhood, and associated health risks, as assessed through human biomonitoring and mycotoxins occurrence in foods, in different continents. Maternal internal exposure to aflatoxins is associated with fetal growth restriction, while exposure to fumonisins increases the risk of offspring’s neural tube defects. Mycotoxin contamination of breast milk is reported worldwide, but data on adverse effects of the lactational transfer of mycotoxins on infant health are lacking. Young children are exposed to mycotoxins through contaminated infant formulas and baby foods. Both external and internal exposure to aflatoxins and fumonisins in children are reported to be associated with growth impairment. In low-income settings, where other co-factors can affect growth, this association should be interpreted with caution. Further studies on human biomonitoring of mother–infant pairs and young children are needed to guide management strategies aiming to minimize mycotoxin exposure at critical developmental stages.

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Aflatoxin M1 in Africa: Exposure Assessment, Regulations, and Prevention Strategies – A Review

Cited by 6 publications

References 99 publications

Probabilistic modeling and risk characterization of the chronic aflatoxin M1 exposure of Hungarian consumers

Probabilistic modeling and risk characterization of the chronic aflatoxin M1 exposure of Hungarian consumers

Levels of Aflatoxin M1 in Breast Milk of Lactating Mothers in Monterrey, Mexico: Exposure and Health Risk Assessment of Newborns

Mycotoxin Exposure during the First 1000 Days of Life and Its Impact on Children’s Health: A Clinical Overview

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