Aflatoxin M<sub>1</sub> in fresh milk collected from local markets of Karachi, Pakistan

Asghar, Muhammad Asif; Ahmed, Aftab; Asghar, Muhammad Arif

doi:10.1080/19393210.2018.1446459

Cited by 37 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Based on our results, the mean value of AFM 1 contamination was found to be 19.54 ng/L in all milk samples. All the same, contamination levels of AFM 1 in milk samples from Pakistan, Serbia, Iran, and Lebanon have had varied values of 346.2 ng/L, 282.0 ng/L, 66.0 ng/L, and 30.60 ng/L, respectively [5,6,19,45]. Therefore, because the high-consumption level of AFM 1 -contaminated milk and dairy products poses serious health problems, national authorities should enroll in educational programs about farm management and feed contamination.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 filter paper. Fifty milliliters of filtrated milk was passed through an immunoaffinity clean-up column (VICAM, USA) 5 . The column was washed with 20 mL of distilled water and then air dried.…”

Section: Hplc Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is also possible for milk products, like yoghurt, butter and cheese, to be contaminated with AFM 1 because of milk contamination [8,11,21]. In recent years, many researchers have reported AFM 1 contamination in raw, pasteurized and Ultra High Temperature (UHT) milk from Turkey and other countries [5,7,30,31,45] (Table 1). The potential existence of AFM 1 levels in milk and milk products is the reason they should be monitored continuously for the sake of public health [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of Aflatoxin M1 and Ochratoxin A in Raw, Pasteurized and UHT Milk in Turkey

Turkoglu

Keyvan

2019

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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Background:Mycotoxins produced by yeast and fungi have toxic effects on human and animal health. Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) is the most toxic hepatocarcinogen to mammals. Aflatoxin M 1 (AFM 1 ), which has been found in milk and dairy products, is the hydroxylated metabolite of AFB 1 . Aflatoxin M 1 is formed by the cytochrome P450 enzyme in the liver. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is synthesized by Aspergillus and Penicillium species. Ochratoxin A is known to cause teratogenic, immunotoxic, nephrotoxic and carcinogenic effects. Due to the potential harmful effects on human and animal health, OTA has also been receiving increased attention globally; however, there is limited information on the presence of OTA in milk and dairy products. The aim of this study was to determine how mycotoxins impact the hygienic quality of raw and heat-processed milk. Materials, Methods & Results:In this study, a total of 105 milk samples were analyzed (35 raw, 35 pasteurized and 35 UHT) to identify AFM 1 and OTA in raw, pasteurized and ultra-high temperature processing (UHT) milk. The levels of AFM 1 were detected by using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The milk samples were centrifuged in order to remove the fat content from the milk. After centrifugation, the upper cream layer was withdrawn with a pipette. The non-fat liquid portion was placed in wells at 100 μL for analysis. The concentration of AFM 1 in the milk samples was analyzed by AFM 1 test kit. The milk samples with AFM 1 levels greater than 50 ng/L were confirmed by using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). An Ochratoxin A Serum / Milk ELISA test kit was used for the analyses of OTA. The analyses were made according to the manufacturer's instructions, and samples were analyzed in duplicate. The absorbance value of milk samples was obtained from the ELISA plate reader at 450 nm. The mean value of AFM 1 was found to be 19.54 ng/L in the milk samples. According to the European Commission (EC), the maximum limit for AFM 1 in milk is 50 ng/L. In our study, eight (7.61%) of the 105 samples exceeded this limit. The mean value of OTA was found to be 119 ng/L in the milk samples. The relationship between milk type and levels of AFM 1 was found to be significant at (P < 0.01). The mean value of AFM 1 in pasteurized milk was found statistically significant and lower than raw milk (P < 0.05). The difference between levels of OTA and milk type was not statistically significant at (P > 0.05). Discussion: Milk is a great protein source especially for children in the age of growth. Yeasts such as Fusarium, Aspergillus and Penicillium produce mycotoxins that cause food, feed contamination. Owing to carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic effects of AFM 1 , presence of AFM 1 in milk samples may adversely affect human health. The presence of AFM 1 in different contamination levels can be observed in milk and milk products. Factors such as ration type, climate conditions, feed storage conditions, feeding regime and health status of dairy animals may be effective in the occurrenc...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hplc Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of Aflatoxin M1 and Ochratoxin A in Raw, Pasteurized and UHT Milk in Turkey

Turkoglu

Keyvan

2019

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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“…These findings are similar to those of Jawaid, et al [31], who determined the AFM 1 contamination in milk from the Sind province of Pakistan using ELISA and found 94% contaminated samples, such that 70% of samples surpassed the established standards of US regulations. Asghar, et al [32] collected 156 fresh milk samples from local markets of Karachi, Pakistan, during 2016–2017. The results of these samples were analyzed by the ELISA technique and the mean contamination of AFM 1 in milk was reported as 0.34 µg/L, with 32.7% samples being above the US allowable limits.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and Seasonal Variations of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk from Punjab, Pakistan

Akbar

Nasir

Naeem

et al. 2019

Toxins

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The manifestation of aflatoxins in feed and food is a major issue in the world as its presence leads to some health problems. This study investigates the incidence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination in raw milk samples which were collected from Punjab, Pakistan. The Cluster Random Sampling technique was used to collect 960 milk samples from five different regions, and samples were collected every month. The AFM1 level in raw milk was analyzed by the ELISA technique. The findings demonstrate that 70% of samples exceeded the United States permissible maximum residue limits (MRL 0.50 µg/L), with an overall AFM1 level that ranged from 0.3 to 1.0 µg/L. AFM1 contamination varied with the season: The highest average contamination was detected in winter (0.875 µg/L), followed by autumn (0.751 µg/L), spring (0.654 µg/L), and summer (0.455 µg/L). The Eastern region exhibited the highest average AFM1 contamination (0.705 µg/L). Milk samples from the Northern region were found to be widely contaminated, as 86.9% samples exceeded the US MRL, followed by the Eastern region, with 72.3% samples being contaminated with >0.5 µg/L AFM1. The study indicated that the raw milk supply chain was heavily contaminated. Recommendations and remedial measures need to be developed by regulatory authorities to improve the raw milk quality.

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“…La presencia de AFM1 en leche no ocurre únicamente en las leches de nuestra región sino que es un problema que se ha evidenciado desde hace mucho tiempo en todo el mundo. En un breve repaso de los trabajos bibliográficos publicados en los últimos dos años (2017-2018), se ha informado incidencia de este contaminante en leches de distintos países como China, Croacia, España, Italia, Malasia, y Pakistán, entre otros [163][164][165][166][167][168].…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

National short-term dietary exposure assessment of a selected group of pesticides in Argentina

Maggioni

Signorini

Michlig

et al. 2018

Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B

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An evaluation of acute dietary exposure to pesticide residues, applying deterministic and stochastic methods, was performed for a selected group of pesticides in two representative age groups from Argentina. Thus, 28 active ingredients (a.i.) and 75 food items were evaluated for the group of 2-5-year-old children, while 9 a.i. and 59 food items were considered for the 10-49-year-old women group. A deterministic assessment was conducting following the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO) procedure but using the national maximum residue limits (MRLs) as pesticide residue concentration data, while in the stochastic approach, a theoretical distribution modeled with the available information was used. Food consumption data were obtained from the 2004-2005 comprehensive national nutrition and health survey. The risk was estimated by comparing the short-term dietary exposure with the acute reference dose (ARfD) values for each pesticide-food combination evaluated. In the deterministic assessment, 173 (39.1%) and 40 (31.3%) combinations exceeded the ARfD thresholds for the 2-5-year-old children and 10-49-year-old women groups, respectively. This conservative study generated relevant information as a first stage of acute dietary risk assessment in Argentina.

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Aflatoxin M₁ in fresh milk collected from local markets of Karachi, Pakistan

Cited by 37 publications

References 33 publications

Determination of Aflatoxin M1 and Ochratoxin A in Raw, Pasteurized and UHT Milk in Turkey

Determination of Aflatoxin M1 and Ochratoxin A in Raw, Pasteurized and UHT Milk in Turkey

Occurrence and Seasonal Variations of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk from Punjab, Pakistan

National short-term dietary exposure assessment of a selected group of pesticides in Argentina

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Aflatoxin M1 in fresh milk collected from local markets of Karachi, Pakistan

Cited by 37 publications

References 33 publications

Determination of Aflatoxin M1 and Ochratoxin A in Raw, Pasteurized and UHT Milk in Turkey

Determination of Aflatoxin M1 and Ochratoxin A in Raw, Pasteurized and UHT Milk in Turkey

Occurrence and Seasonal Variations of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk from Punjab, Pakistan

National short-term dietary exposure assessment of a selected group of pesticides in Argentina

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Aflatoxin M₁ in fresh milk collected from local markets of Karachi, Pakistan