Occurrence and Seasonal Variations of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk from Punjab, Pakistan

Akbar, Naveed; Nasir, Muhammad; Naeem, Naureen; Ahmad, Mehboob; Iqbal, Sanaullah; Rashid, Abdur; Imran, Muhammad; Gondal, Tanweer Aslam; Atif, Muhammad; Salehi, Bahare; Sharifi‐Rad, Javad; Martorell, Miquel; Cho, William C.

doi:10.3390/toxins11100574

Cited by 29 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 55 publications

(89 reference statements)

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“…Moreover 100% of samples analyzed in Iran during the winter had the highest concentrations of AFM1 [ 43 ], and in a meta-analysis study of 77 cases, it was also determined that the highest levels were in winter [ 33 ]. This conclusion is also corroborated by a study in Punjab-Pakistan, where the highest mean (0.875 μg/kg) was found in winter [ 35 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

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Determination of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Milk from Different Provinces of Ecuador

Puga-Torres

Salazar

Cachiguango

et al. 2020

Toxins

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Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a mycotoxin from Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, classified as carcinogenic and hepatotoxic. The objective of the present investigation was to determine its presence in raw milk from north-central Ecuador, constituted by the provinces of Pichincha, Manabí, and Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas. These areas represent approximately 30% of Ecuadorian milk production. By the end of the investigation, a total of 209 raw milk samples were collected, obtained both during the dry (June and August) and rainy seasons (April and November) of 2019. AFM1 concentrations were measured with lateral flow immunochromatographic assays, and 100% of the samples were positive for this mycotoxin, presenting a mean value of 0.0774 μg/kg with a range of 0.023 to 0.751 μg/kg. These AFM1 levels exceeded the European Union regulatory limit of 0.05 μg/kg in 59.3% (124/209) of samples, while only 1.9% (4/209) exceeded the Ecuadorian legal limit of 0.5 μg/kg. By using non-parametric tests, significant differences were determined (p ≤ 0.05) between the provinces for months of study, climatic season (being higher in the dry season), and climatic region (greater in the coast region). On the other hand, there were no significant differences (p ≥ 0.05) between the types of producers or between production systems. Therefore, AFM1 contamination in raw milk does not present a serious public health problem in Ecuador, but a monitoring and surveillance program for this mycotoxin in milk should be developed to prevent consumer health problems.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…In India, 20.67% of 150 samples contained levels above the MRL of local legislation, being 0.5 μg/kg [ 34 ]. In Punjab-Pakistan, 70% of 690 raw milk samples were above the MRL of 0.5 μg/kg [ 35 ]. In Canakkale-Turkia, 3.3% of 120 samples exceeded local limits [ 36 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Milk from Different Provinces of Ecuador

Puga-Torres

Salazar

Cachiguango

et al. 2020

Toxins

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“…Contrary to these studies, Aslam et al (2016) found 87% of milk samples to exceed the 500 ng/L limit in three districts of Punjab province. Likewise, Akbar et al (2019) found 69% milk samples from different regions of the Punjab province to exceed the allowed limit. In one study, mean AFM 1 contamination in Lahore city was found to be as high as 17,380 ng/L with 81% samples exceeding the 500 ng/L limit.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aflatoxin Contamination of Milk Produced in Peri-urban Farms of Pakistan: Prevalence and Contributory Factors

et al. 2020

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Aflatoxin M 1 contamination of milk in Pakistan, like many developing countries, is poorly understood. The present study was therefore conducted to determine AFM 1 contamination of milk and its contributory factors in Pakistan. We sampled milk and feedstuffs from 450 peri-urban dairy farms in seven major cities following a cross-sectional study design. Analysis of milk using ELISA revealed high contamination with an overall average of 3164.5 ng of AFM 1 /L, and significant differences (p < 0.001) between cities. The milk sampled from Gilgit, in northern hilly areas, had an average AFM 1 level of 92.5 ng/L. Milk from other cities had 3529.7 ng/L average contamination, with only 5.7% samples qualifying the maximum tolerable limit of 500 ng of AFM 1 /L. Heavy mean aflatoxin contamination was found in bakery waste (724.6 μg/kg), and cottonseed cake (600.8 μg/kg). Rest of the other feedstuffs had moderate to low mean aflatoxin contamination, ranging from 66.0 μg/kg in maize stover to 3.4 μg/kg in wheat bran. The mean aflatoxin level in commercial dairy concentrates was 32.7 µg/kg. About 80% of the total aflatoxin intake of dairy animals was contributed by cottonseed cake alone due to its high aflatoxin contamination and proportion in dairy rations. On-farm storage time of oilseed cakes varied (p < 0.01) in different cities but was not associated with aflatoxin contamination. The exceptionally high AFM 1 contamination suggests that milk from peri-urban dairy farms is a serious public health threat in Pakistan. This situation can be mitigated by reducing aflatoxin contamination in cottonseed cake and promoting the use of commercial concentrates and other feedstuffs with low contamination.

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“…Moreover, seasonal variation has a strong impact on aflatoxin contamination in dairy products. Previous studies show that AFM1 concentrations are significantly higher in dairy samples collected in winter that those collected in summer (Akbar et al, 2019; Asi, Iqbal, Ariño, & Hussain, 2012; Bahrami et al, 2016a; Tajkarimi et al, 2008). Since it is less likely for lactating animals to have access to fresh forage, they are fed with higher amounts of stored cereals, thereby increasing the risk of AFs contamination in winter (Bahrami, Shahbazi, & Nikousefat, 2016b; Mahmoudi & Norian, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Occurrence of aflatoxin M 1 in yogurt of five countries in west Asia region: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Mohammadi

Keshavarzi

Kazemi

et al. 2021

Journal of Food Safety

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Despite the considerable importance of dairy consumption, aflatoxin‐M1 (AFM1) contamination can pose potential health threats for these products. In the present study, we systematically reviewed and conducted a meta‐analysis on the AFM1 contamination in yogurt samples of West Asia region. In the present study, electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, and web of Science were comprehensively searched for papers published from April 2006 to February 2020 in English language. Of a total of 356 articles found in the initial search, 25 studies were included in our meta‐analysis. All eligible studies were attributed to five out of the 20 west Asian countries. The mean AFM1 concentration in yogurt samples (in ng/kg) was as following: Turkey 137.76 (95%CI: 61.48, 214.04), Lebanon 86.70 (95%CI: 0.00, 217.72), Pakistan 38.43 (95%CI: 9.05, 67.80), Qatar 31.30 (95%CI: 27.5, 35.14), and Iran 28.24 (95%CI: 23.11, 33.36). According to our results, aflatoxin contamination levels in 32.25% of Lebanese, 31.25% of Turkish, 20.95% of Pakistani, 8.27% of Iranian and 0% of Qatari yogurt samples exceeded the European upper limit (i.e., 50 ng/kg). The hazard index (HI) for AFM1 exposure via yogurt consumption was in acceptable range for included countries except for Turkey and Lebanon.

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Occurrence and Seasonal Variations of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk from Punjab, Pakistan

Cited by 29 publications

References 55 publications

Determination of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Milk from Different Provinces of Ecuador

Determination of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Milk from Different Provinces of Ecuador

Aflatoxin Contamination of Milk Produced in Peri-urban Farms of Pakistan: Prevalence and Contributory Factors

Occurrence of aflatoxin M 1 in yogurt of five countries in west Asia region: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

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