Aerosolization of fine particles increases due to microbial contamination of metalworking fluids

Wang, H.X.; Reponen, Tiina; Li, W.; Martuzevičius, Dainius; Grinshpun, Sergey A.; Willeke, Klaus

doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.11.007

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Determinants associated with metalworking operations include not simply machine type but also operational parameters related to fluid application rate, i.e. fluid velocity and flood versus through-tool application (Heitbrink et al, 2000a;Thornburg and Leith, 2000a;Dasch et al, 2002;Wang et al, 2005), pressure (Heitbrink et al, 2000b), machine-rotating speed (Heitbrink et al, 2000a;Thornburg and Leith, 2000b;Rosenthal and Yeagy, 2001;Wang et al, 2005), tool diameter and feed (Dasch et al, 2002), cut depth (Thornburg and Leith, 2000a;Dasch et al, 2002;Michalek et al, 2003) and tool wear (Dasch et al, 2002). Grinding and turning produces the largest particles, whereas hobbing results in the smallest (Piacitelli et al, 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of Exposure to Metalworking Fluid Aerosols: A Literature Review and Analysis of Reported Measurements

Park

Stewart²,

Coble³

2009

The Annals of Occupational Hygiene

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An extensive literature review of published metalworking fluid (MWF) aerosol measurement data was conducted to identify the major determinants that may affect exposure to aerosol fractions (total or inhalable, thoracic and respirable) and mass median diameters (MMDs). The identification of determinants was conducted through published studies and analysis of published measurement levels. For the latter, weighted arithmetic means (WAMs) by number of measurements were calculated and compared using analysis of variance and t-tests. The literature review found that the major factors affecting aerosol exposure levels were, primarily, decade, type of industry, operation and fluid and engineering control measures. Our analysis of total aerosol levels found a significant decline in measured levels from an average of 5.36 mg m(-3) prior to the 1970s and 2.52 mg m(-3) in the 1970s to 1.21 mg m(-3) in the 1980s, 0.50 mg m(-3) in the 1990s and 0.55 mg m(-3) in the 2000s. Significant declines from the 1990s to the 2000s also were found in thoracic fraction levels (0.48 versus 0.40 mg m(-3)), but not for the respirable fraction. The WAMs for the auto (1.47 mg m(-3)) and auto parts manufacturing industry (1.83 mg m(-3)) were significantly higher than that for small-job machine shops (0.68 mg m(-3)). In addition, a significant difference in the thoracic WAM was found between the automotive industry (0.46 mg m(-3)) and small-job machine shops (0.32 mg m(-3)). Operation type, in particular, grinding, was a significant factor affecting the total aerosol fraction [grinding operations (1.75 mg m(-3)) versus other machining (0.95 mg m(-3))], but the levels associated with these operations were not statistically different for either the thoracic or the respirable fractions. Across all decades, the total aerosol fraction for straight oils (1.49 mg m(-3)) was higher than for other fluid types (soluble = 1.08 mg m(-3), synthetic = 0.52 mg m(-3) and semisynthetic = 0.50 mg m(-3)). Fluid type was also found to be partly associated with differences in the respirable fraction level. We found that the total aerosols were measured by a variety of sampling media, devices and analytical methods. This diversity of approaches makes interpretation of the study results difficult. In conclusion, both the literature review and the measurement data analyzed found that decade and type of industry, operation and fluid were important determinants of total aerosol exposure. Industry type and fluid type were associated with differences in exposure to the thoracic and respirable fraction levels, respectively.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of Exposure to Metalworking Fluid Aerosols: A Literature Review and Analysis of Reported Measurements

Park

Stewart²,

Coble³

2009

The Annals of Occupational Hygiene

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“…The MWF simulator is described in detail in Wang et al (22) The size distributions of particles generated by the MWF simulator were validated when compared with those obtained in the field MWF environment as described in our previous study. (20) MWF fluid samples were collected from plants that use MWFs in their operations. Endotoxin concentrations in the fluids were measured as described below.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our previous laboratory-based study (20) showed that microbial contamination of MWF increased the aerosolization of fine and ultrafine particles. We further demonstrated that the fine particle size fraction of 0.04-0.37 μm contained endotoxin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Size Distribution of Airborne Mist and Endotoxin-Containing Particles in Metalworking Fluid Environments

Wang

Reponen

Lee

et al. 2007

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene

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The objective of the study was to investigate size-selective concentrations of airborne particles and endotoxin in metalworking fluid (MWF) environments. The experiments were conducted under two conditions: (1) MWF collected in the field was aerosolized with a laboratory-scale simulator (MWF simulator) in the laboratory; and (2) MWFs were aerosolized during routine field operations. All experiments included size-selective measurement of airborne concentrations of particle numbers and endotoxin mass using an electrical low-pressure impactor. During field sampling, the total microbial and endotoxin concentrations in the air were also measured with a BioSampler, and the mass concentration of MWF mists was measured with a photometer. Airborne particle concentrations were highest in the fine particle size ranges in the areas affected by MWFs. Relatively high concentrations of endotoxin were detected at particle size below 0.39 mum, which is smaller than the size of intact bacterial cells. The total microbial and endotoxin analysis revealed high microbial contamination in one sampling site although the total particle mass was not elevated. It was concluded that MWF sites can be contaminated with high concentrations of fine particles, and these fine particles may contain microbial components, such as endotoxin. The results call for the size-selective measurement of particles and endotoxin for more comprehensive exposure assessment in MWF facilities.

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“…''Total'' particulate, or extractable total particulate sampling with a closed face filter cassette, the most frequently used routine sampling method, excludes the mass of the largest mist particles close to a source, and were observed to return values close to but somewhat greater than thoracic Simpson, 2003;Reh et al, 2005;Verma et al, 2006]. Fine particles, 1 mm and below, were observed to be prominent in exposure at distances from the source [Sioutas, 1999;Dasch et al, 2005;Wang et al, 2005Wang et al, , 2007Peters et al, 2006;Heitbrink et al, 2007]. The likely dynamic is generation of larger particles by mechanical action at the source, followed by evaporation of the water component of the aerosol to generate smaller particles with increasingly concentrated non-volatile components.…”

Section: Exposure Measurement and Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

New evidence on the health hazards and control of metalworking fluids since completion of the OSHA advisory committee report

Mirer

2010

American J Industrial Med

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Aerosolization of fine particles increases due to microbial contamination of metalworking fluids

Cited by 9 publications

References 24 publications

Determinants of Exposure to Metalworking Fluid Aerosols: A Literature Review and Analysis of Reported Measurements

Determinants of Exposure to Metalworking Fluid Aerosols: A Literature Review and Analysis of Reported Measurements

Size Distribution of Airborne Mist and Endotoxin-Containing Particles in Metalworking Fluid Environments

New evidence on the health hazards and control of metalworking fluids since completion of the OSHA advisory committee report

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