“…It affects the crack initiation and propagation in the structure [1]; causes high-cycle fatigue damage to train structures [2,3], tunnel structures [4][5][6], and pressure-bearing tunnel facilities (including fire doors, control boxes, signal lights, etc.) [3,7,8]; and leads to vibration discomfort for passengers [9], threatening the safety of transportation systems [10,11]. For example, in 1999, influenced by long-term aerodynamic loads, a block of lining detached from the Rebunhama high-speed railway tunnel in Japan, which caused train derailment and the cancellation of 51 subsequent trains [1,12].…”