Aerobics, Quality of Life, and Physiological Indicators of Inactive Male Students’ Cardiovascular Endurances, in Kashan

Abstract

Background:Studies show that lack of exercise and physical activity during childhood and teenage years is directly related to different diseases in adulthood.Objectives:The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an eight-week aerobic exercise on the quality of life as well as physiological indicators of cardiovascular endurance of inactive high school male students in Kashan.Materials and Methods:The study was a field trial using pretest and post-test. Three hundred high school male students in Kashan, Iran, were recruited and interviewed by the researchers, using a questionnaire. Of the inactive ones, 30 who reached the highest criteria standards, were selected as samples and randomly divided to two equal groups. The maximum consumed oxygen (VO2max) and resting heart rate were measured by Quinn aerobic test, and the quality of life was measured by the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-26-Breef) questionnaire. The exercise program included an eight-week aerobic exercise, three times per week, with 60%-75% of the maximum heart beat. During the exercise, the subjects had no other sport activity. To check the normal distribution of the data, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used. To evaluate the pretest and post-test results, paired t-test was used and for comparing the groups, independent t-test was applied. All the analyses were performed by SPSS software version 16.Results:The mean ages of intervention and control groups were 17.46 ± 1.30 and 17.53 ± 1.18, respectively. The mean weight of the intervention group was 56.73 ± 9.91 kg and its mean body mass index (BMI) was 19.88 ± 3.42. In the control group, the mean weigh and BMI were 60.06 ± 11.96 kg and 20.79 ± 3.51, respectively. The quality of life and its components improved significantly in the intervention group (physical (P = 0.0001), mental (P = 0.0001), social (P = 0.0001), and environmental (P = 0.0001) aspects). VO2max (P = 0.001) and the resting heart beat (P = 0.0001) significantly improved in the intervention group. No significant difference was observed in the control group (P ≥ 0.05).Conclusions:Aerobic exercise program improved the quality of life as well as the physiological indicators. Physical activities can be used as both appropriate model and nonpharmaceutical approach to prevent and cure some diseases.

Review: Physical activity interventions for the mental health and well‐being of adolescents – a systematic review

“…Sample size varied from 9 (Hainsworth et al., 2018) to 1,386 (Ha, Burnett, Sum, Medic, & Ng, 2015) (mean [ M ] = 231; standard deviation [ SD ] = 297.6) and mean age of participants ranged from 11.4 (Roh, Cho, & So, 2018) to 18.3 years (Kalak et al., 2012). Four studies used male‐only groups (Bahram, Akkasheh, & Akkasheh, 2014; Lubans, Smith, et al., 2016; Morgan, Saunders, & Lubans, 2012; Schranz, Tomkinson, Parletta, Petkov, & Olds, 2013), six studies used female‐only groups (Dudley, Okely, Pearson, & Peat, 2010; Dunker & Claudino, 2018; Lindwall & Lindgren, 2005; Lubans et al., 2012; Neumark‐Sztainer et al., 2010; Schneider, Dunton, & Cooper, 2008) and remaining studies used mixed‐sex. Inclusion of transgender or gender fluid participants were not reported by any study.…”

“…Eleven studies required low activity levels for eligibility (Bahram et al., 2014; Dudley et al., 2010; Dunker & Claudino, 2018; Ho et al., 2017; Lindwall & Lindgren, 2005; Lubans et al., 2012; Lubans, Smith, et al., 2016; Morgan et al., 2012; Neumark‐Sztainer et al., 2010; Roh et al., 2018; Schneider et al., 2008), yet definitions varied, for example less than 60 min per day (Dunker & Claudino, 2018), less than once per week (Lindwall & Lindgren, 2005). Participants were mainly recruited from schools ( N = 21) (Bahram et al., 2014; Bonhauser et al., 2005; Butzer et al., 2017; Costigan, Eather, Plotnikoff, Hillman, & Lubans, 2016; Dudley et al., 2010; Dunker & Claudino, 2018; Eather, Morgan, & Lubans, 2016; Felver et al., 2020; Ha et al., 2015; Haden et al., 2014; Ho et al., 2017; Kalak et al., 2012; Lindwall & Lindgren, 2005; Lubans et al., 2012; Lubans, Smith, et al., 2016; Morgan et al., 2012; Neumark‐Sztainer et al., 2010; Roh et al., 2018; Schneider et al., 2008; Smith et al., 2018; Toulabi et al., 2012). However, some were recruited from clinical settings ( N = 3) (Dopp et al., 2012; Elnaggar & Shendy, 2016; Hainsworth et al., 2018), community settings ( N = 2) (Choukse, Ram, & Nagendra, 2018; Höner & Demetriou, 2014) or via advertisements ( N = 2) (Lopera et al., 2016; Schranz et al., 2013).…”

“…Designs included randomised controlled trials (RCT) ( N = 17) (Butzer et al., 2017; Costigan et al., 2016; Dudley et al., 2010; Dunker & Claudino, 2018; Eather et al., 2016; Ha et al., 2015; Haden et al., 2014; Ho et al., 2017; Kalak et al., 2012; Lindwall & Lindgren, 2005; Lubans et al., 2012; Lubans, Smith, et al., 2016; Morgan et al., 2012; Neumark‐Sztainer et al., 2010; Roh et al., 2018; Schranz et al., 2013; Smith et al., 2018), nonrandomised ( N = 8) (Bahram et al., 2014; Bonhauser et al., 2005; Elnaggar & Shendy, 2016; Felver et al., 2020; Höner & Demetriou, 2014; Lopera et al., 2016; Schneider et al., 2008; Toulabi et al., 2012), single‐group pre–post interventions ( N = 2) (Dopp et al., 2012; Hainsworth et al., 2018) and a three‐group cohort (Choukse et al., 2018). Of the studies that implemented a control, most used PE as usual as the comparator ( N = 13) (Bonhauser et al., 2005; Butzer et al., 2017; Costigan et al., 2016; Dudley et al., 2010; Dunker & Claudino, 2018; Eather et al., 2016; Ha et al., 2015; Haden et al., 2014; Höner & Demetriou, 2014; Lubans et al., 2012; Lubans, Smith, et al., 2016; Schneider et al., 2008; Toulabi et al., 2012).…”

“…Of the studies that implemented a control, most used PE as usual as the comparator ( N = 13) (Bonhauser et al., 2005; Butzer et al., 2017; Costigan et al., 2016; Dudley et al., 2010; Dunker & Claudino, 2018; Eather et al., 2016; Ha et al., 2015; Haden et al., 2014; Höner & Demetriou, 2014; Lubans et al., 2012; Lubans, Smith, et al., 2016; Schneider et al., 2008; Toulabi et al., 2012). Four studies used no intervention (Bahram et al., 2014; Lopera et al., 2016; Roh et al., 2018; Schranz et al., 2013), four used sedentary activities (e.g. access to health education website) (Elnaggar & Shendy, 2016; Felver et al., 2020; Ho et al., 2017; Kalak et al., 2012), three used a wait‐list control (Lindwall & Lindgren, 2005; Morgan et al., 2012; Smith et al., 2018) and one used a female‐only PE class (Neumark‐Sztainer et al., 2010).…”

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“…Furthermore, C. Ennist believes that the use of sports and dance movements will contribute significantly to improving the quality of the physical education programs (Ennist, 2017). The experts note that the youth-friendly types of fitness will help to avoid the development of cardiovascular diseases, mental disorders, obesity and disorders of musculoskeletal functions of the young people regardless of their sex (Liusnea, 2016, Ghorbani, et al, 2014, Bahram, Akkasheh, & Akkasheh, 2014Fomenko, O., 2014).…”