Adverse effects of fullerenes (nC60) spiked to sediments on Lumbriculus variegatus (Oligochaeta)

Biodynamics of copper oxide nanoparticles and copper ions in an oligochaete – Part I: Relative importance of water and sediment as exposure routes

“…For instance, L. variegatus decrease its feeding rate after exposure to fullerenespiked sediment, and fullerene agglomerates were observed in the gut tract, but not in gut epithelial cells (Pakarinen et al, 2011). In our study, we did observe that the majority of L. variegatus exposed to 65 Cu-Aq at the highest Cu concentration (i.e., Cu-High) were found on the sediment surface, possibly reflecting avoidance behavior or reduced worm motility.…”

Methodological considerations for testing the ecotoxicity of carbon nanotubes and fullerenes: Review

“…Transmission electron microscopy has been used to identify fullerene aggregates in soil extracts from a soil spiked with 154 mg/kg fullerenes [91] and to investigate absorption of CNTs and fullerenes in Daphnia [69,79], Lumbriculus variegatus [92], and cells [93,94]. Numerous challenges are associated with using TEM to identify CNPs in tissues, including the lack of contrast for CNPs given that they are composed of the same element as the tissue and the resin used to make the samples; the challenge of finding these particles given their extremely low concentrations Identifies nanoparticles in tissues without additional sample processing Not specific to particle type, uncommon equipment [100] Chemothermal oxidation at 3758C x x Chemothermal oxidation at 3758C…”

Analysis of Eisenia fetida earthworm responses to sub-lethal C60 nanoparticle exposure using 1H-NMR based metabolomics

“…In contact tests the mode of exposure is only through adsorption through the skin, which is likely slower relative to ingestion leading to longer response times. Interestingly, Pakarinen et al (2011) observed C 60 agglomerates in the gut track of Lumbriculus variegatus but not in the epithelial cells. A similar mechanism may be occurring within E. fetida which is why the metabolic response in soil tests manifests sooner than in contact tests.…”