Advancing understanding of pinch-points and crime prevention in the food supply chain

Abstract

11From a crime prevention perspective, food crime remains a challenge. Whilst 12 opportunity for crime can be reduced by implementing certain measures; and 13 addressing the potential perpetrators, their possible actions and criminal 14 behaviour, the trade-offs which occur in the food supply chain that motivate 15 such activity, still remains complex. These heuristic factors have led, in this 16 study, to the consideration of 'pinch-points' where crime could occur as a result 17 of capability, opportunity, motivation, rationalisation and supply chain pressure. 18 Pinch-points can be addressed using the Food Crime Countermeasures 19Framework (FCCF) conceptualised in this paper. We argue that conventional 20 anti-fraud measures: detection, deterrence and prevention are essential to 21 support food fraud risk assessments, as are continuous interventions and 22 response strategies. The implementation of countermeasures that initially drive 23 prevention and deterrence and where required, detection, intervention and 24 response form the basis of our approach. This paper focuses on the United 25 Kingdom (UK) however it should recognised that food crime is a global issue. 26

Food supplements’ non-conformity in Europe – Poland: A case study

“…Food supplement supply chains can be considered as socio-economic networks with inter-related strategies, activities, dynamic components i.e. the products, processes and technical knowledge employed and structural elements being the actors that interlink to bring the product to the consumer (Soon, Manning & Smith, 2019). Thus, the nature of these socio-economic networks can create generic threats driven by the external environment and also specific situational threats implicit in the supply and demand dynamics that are at play with a given organisation or supply chain.…”

Food defence: Refining the taxonomy of food defence threats

“…Cybersecurity can be described as the countermeasures taken to protect a computer system and associated storage clouds or individual appliance against an intentional malicious target attack and/or unauthorised access and unintentional or accidental access (Soon, Manning & Smith, 2019). ISO 27001:2013 Information Security Management Systems is the international standard that sets out a series of requirements for establishing, implementing, monitoring and improving an Information Security Management System (ISMS).…”

“…the individuals operating at supply chain or individual business or production line levels (Spink et al 2015) that have the knowledge, skills and understanding to develop and implement food defence strategies. The visibility of food defence guardians acts as a deterrent (Reynald, 2009;Hollis & Willson, 2014;Manning, Soon & Smith, 2019) and thus is essential to delivering effective food defence strategies. However those designated as guardians need to understand their role and what is expected of them so effective training is essential with refresher activities in the event that new threats emerge.…”

Moving from a compliance‐based to an integrity‐based organizational climate in the food supply chain

“…Although monitoring and verification of product integrity requires the development of product testing programs within a food integrity management system, verification of process integrity requires the assessment of objective evidence of how the product and its inherent ingredients have been produced, for example, documentation, product and process certification, and traceability data (Manning & Monaghan, 2019). Therefore, the assurance of food safety, quality, and legality of food products underpins both brand integrity, equity, and trust (Kleboth, Luning, & Fogliano, 2016), and also creates an open and transparent supply chain network (Soon, Manning, & Smith, 2019).…”