Advancing Knowledge about Co-Offending: Results from a Prospective Longitudinal Survey of London Males

Reiss, Albert J.; Farrington, David P.

doi:10.2307/1143811

Cited by 340 publications

(310 citation statements)

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“…The failure of drug markets to reemerge following suppression, despite continued small-scale transactions on the street (40), is behavior consistent with classification of these markets as subcritical hotspots. By contrast, residential burglary or auto theft may be more likely to nucleate into supercritical hotspots, since these crimes are most often committed by either individuals acting alone or small co-offending groups (41). Displacement may be expected for these crime types since the offenders involved may be better able to respond to suppression by searching for targets in adjacent areas.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dissipation and displacement of hotspots in reaction-diffusion models of crime

Short

Brantingham²,

Bertozzi³

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

198

140

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The mechanisms driving the nucleation, spread, and dissipation of crime hotspots are poorly understood. As a consequence, the ability of law enforcement agencies to use mapped crime patterns to design crime prevention strategies is severely hampered. We also lack robust expectations about how different policing interventions should impact crime. Here we present a mathematical framework based on reaction-diffusion partial differential equations for studying the dynamics of crime hotspots. The system of equations is based on empirical evidence for how offenders move and mix with potential victims or targets. Analysis shows that crime hotspots form when the enhanced risk of repeat crimes diffuses locally, but not so far as to bind distant crime together. Crime hotspots may form as either supercritical or subcritical bifurcations, the latter the result of large spikes in crime that override linearly stable, uniform crime distributions. Our mathematical methods show that subcritical crime hotspots may be permanently eradicated with police suppression, whereas supercritical hotspots are displaced following a characteristic spatial pattern. Our results thus provide a mechanistic explanation for recent failures to observe crime displacement in experimental field tests of hotspot policing.crime pattern formation | hotspot policing | mathematical modeling | nonlinearity | partial differential equations C rime is a ubiquitous feature of all modern cities, but not all neighborhoods are affected equally. In fact, serious crimes ranging from residential burglary to homicide are strongly patterned in time and space, forming crime "hotspots" (1-3). Studies show that policing actions directed at crime hotspots do lead to real reductions in offending and calls to the police for service (4, 5), while displacement of crime to adjacent settings may be less common than once thought (6-8). However, further gains in crime reduction are dependent upon gaining a quantitative understanding of the mechanisms that drive the emergence, spread, and dissipation of crime hotspots. Reaction-diffusion models, in which activators and inhibitors move, mix, and interact, provide a useful framework in which to investigate the formation of crime patterns and the impact of alternative policing strategies on crime hotspot stability. In this context, motivated offenders (activators) search their environment for suitable targets or victims (activators), which may also be mobile, following simple behavioral routines (9, 10). If an offender encounters a target in the absence of an effective security measure (inhibitor), then he is free to exploit that target. The immediate presence of security such as law enforcement is sufficient to deter that crime. Here we show that largescale spatial crime patterns, including the formation of stationary crime hotspots, are strongly dependent upon the local diffusion of risk, driven by offender mobility in the environment, coupled with the phenomena of repeat and near repeat victimization.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dissipation and displacement of hotspots in reaction-diffusion models of crime

Short

Brantingham²,

Bertozzi³

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

198

140

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…On the contrary, criminal fathers condemned offending by their sons. Hardly any criminal fathers co-offended together with study males (Reiss and Farrington, 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Family factors in the intergenerational transmission of offending

Farrington

Coid

Murray

2009

Criminal Behav Ment Health

Self Cite

153

114

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“…For brothers, high levels of warmth-support within the relationship also attributed to explaining sibling delinquency, in accordance with Rowe and Gulley's findings. In addition, research has also found evidence that co-offending can partially explain sibling similarity in offending [20].…”

Section: Literature Review and Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“All in the family?” The Relationship Between Sibling Offending and Offending Risk

Beijers

Bijleveld

Weijer

et al. 2017

J Dev Life Course Criminology

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the associations between criminality of family members and individual offending. The main focus is on investigating the extent to which criminal offending by siblings is associated with individual offending, as well as the extent to which parental and grandparental offending accounts for this relationship. Methods Using official conviction data on three generations of Dutch individuals who are at elevated risk of offending, multilevel logistic regression analyses were performed. Results The analyses showed that sibling offending increased the risk of individual offending. Parental and grandparental offending only partially accounted for this association. However, parental offending and offending by grandfathers increased the risk of individual offending as well. Furthermore, the analyses showed that offending by brothers and sisters both increased the risk of offending for both men and women. Conclusions Sibling criminality seems to be a risk factor in its own right. Therefore, focusing only on children of criminal parents is insufficient. Furthermore, it was found that almost every subsequent offending family member adds risk for children to offend.

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Advancing Knowledge about Co-Offending: Results from a Prospective Longitudinal Survey of London Males

Cited by 340 publications

References 0 publications

Dissipation and displacement of hotspots in reaction-diffusion models of crime

Dissipation and displacement of hotspots in reaction-diffusion models of crime

Family factors in the intergenerational transmission of offending

“All in the family?” The Relationship Between Sibling Offending and Offending Risk

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