Advances on Microsupercapacitors: Real Fast Miniaturized Devices toward Technological Dreams for Powering Embedded Electronics?

Abstract

Microsupercapacitors (MSCs) have emerged as the next generation of electrochemical energy storage sources for powering miniaturized embedded electronic and Internet of Things devices. Despite many advantages such as high-power density, long cycle life, fast charge/discharge rate, and moderate energy density, MSCs are not at the industrial level in 2022, while the first MSC was published more than 20 years ago. MSC performance is strongly correlated to electrode material, device configuration, and the used electrolyte. There are therefore many questions and scientific/technological locks to be overcome in order to raise the technological readiness level of this technology to an industrial stage: the type of electrode material, device topology/configuration, and use of a solid electrolyte with high ionic conductivity and photopatternable capabilities are key parameters that we have to optimize in order to fulfill the requirements. Carbon-based, pseudocapacitive materials such as transition metal oxide, transition metal nitride, and MXene used in symmetric or asymmetric configurations are extensively investigated. In this Review, the current progress toward the fabrication of MSCs is summarized. Challenges and prospectives to improve the performance of MSCs are discussed.

Recent Trends in Supercapacitor Research: Sustainability in Energy and Materials

“…Microsupercapacitors (micro-SCs), with their high charge/discharge rate, long lifetime and high power density, differ from traditional energy storage devices, particularly in their miniaturized size and structure adjustability, allowing easy integration with portable electronics. [15,192,210] Unlike multilayer conventional energy storage devices that require a separator between electrodes to avoid short circuits, micro-SCs are typically planar cells with a solid-state or gel polymer electrolyte in which two electrodes with a planar configuration are spaced in-plane without an additional separator, thereby reducing the thickness and increasing the flexibility of the device [15,192,210,211] (Figure 16-18). The narrow interelectrode gap of micro-SCs reduces the ion diffusion path and provides a high charge/discharge rate and power density.…”

“…Unlike multilayer conventional energy storage devices that require a separator between electrodes to avoid short circuits, micro‐SCs are typically planar cells with a solid‐state or gel polymer electrolyte in which two electrodes with a planar configuration are spaced in‐plane without an additional separator, thereby reducing the thickness and increasing the flexibility of the device [15,192,210,211] (Figure 161718). The narrow interelectrode gap of micro‐SCs reduces the ion diffusion path and provides a high charge/discharge rate and power density.…”

“…The supercapacitor performances, specific capacitance (C s ), energy density (E d ), and power density (P d ), are reported mostly in F g À 1 , Wh kg À 1 , and W kg À 1 or for miniaturized micro-SC are preferably reported in F cm À 2 , mWh cm À 2 , and mW cm À 2 , respectively, for a more realistic reflection of its performance. [15] Since the main problem of supercapacitors is the relatively small E d , which is directly proportional to C s and the square of the voltage (V), either C s or the potential, or both, must be increased to increase E d (Equation 1). This could be achieved through the use of active electrode materials with high Cs and electrolytes with a wide potential window as well as optimizing the SC configuration, which will be described in detail in the relevant sections of this review.…”

Substrate Versatile Roller Ball Pen Writing of Nanoporous MoS2 for Energy Storage Devices

“…The emerging demand of miniaturized and self-powered electronic devices has instigated a need for microenergy storage devices. , Microsupercapacitors , and microbatteries ,, lie at the forefront in this realm of energy storage technologies. The recent advancements in the fabrication of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) microenergy storage systems have been a subject of considerable interest and discussion in recent years .…”

Wafer-Scale Performance Mapping of Magnetron-Sputtered Ternary Vanadium Tungsten Nitride for Microsupercapacitors

“…1 However, to achieve smarter and more autonomous miniaturized devices, miniaturized energy storage devices are needed to power today's multifunctional integrated components. 2 In this context, besides micro-batteries (MBs), 3 microsupercapacitors (MSCs) have been proposed as an efficient energy storage source for microdevices used in Internet-of-Things applications. 4 Despite their high power densities, high rate capabilities, and long-life cycling, MSCs still suffer from low energy density compared to MB.…”