Advances of ECG Sensors from Hardware, Software and Format Interoperability Perspectives

Husain, Khaleel; Zahid, Mohd Soperi Mohd; Hassan, Shahab Ul; Hasbullah, Sumayyah; Mandala, Satria

doi:10.3390/electronics10020105

Cited by 33 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 182 publications

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“…Various authors have recently compared and provided extensive reviews on complementary standards dealing with ECG formats (DICOM, EDF, HL7 aECG, MFER, PDF-ECG, etc.) and on converters between different ECG formats, e.g., SCP-ECG to DICOM, HL7 aECG, MFER, and vice-versa [73][74][75][77][78][79]103,[110][111][112]. European data format (EDF) and MFER are intended to only store the raw signals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The History and Challenges of SCP-ECG: The Standard Communication Protocol for Computer-Assisted Electrocardiography

Rubel

Fayn

Macfarlane

et al. 2021

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Ever since the first publication of the standard communication protocol for computer-assisted electrocardiography (SCP-ECG), prENV 1064, in 1993, by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN), SCP-ECG has become a leading example in health informatics, enabling open, secure, and well-documented digital data exchange at a low cost, for quick and efficient cardiovascular disease detection and management. Based on the experiences gained, since the 1970s, in computerized electrocardiology, and on the results achieved by the pioneering, international cooperative research on common standards for quantitative electrocardiography (CSE), SCP-ECG was designed, from the beginning, to empower personalized medicine, thanks to serial ECG analysis. The fundamental concept behind SCP-ECG is to convey the necessary information for ECG re-analysis, serial comparison, and interpretation, and to structure the ECG data and metadata in sections that are mostly optional in order to fit all use cases. SCP-ECG is open to the storage of the ECG signal and ECG measurement data, whatever the ECG recording modality or computation method, and can store the over-reading trails and ECG annotations, as well as any computerized or medical interpretation reports. Only the encoding syntax and the semantics of the ECG descriptors and of the diagnosis codes are standardized. We present all of the landmarks in the development and publication of SCP-ECG, from the early 1990s to the 2009 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) SCP-ECG standards, including the latest version published by CEN in 2020, which now encompasses rest and stress ECGs, Holter recordings, and protocol-based trials.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The History and Challenges of SCP-ECG: The Standard Communication Protocol for Computer-Assisted Electrocardiography

Rubel

Fayn

Macfarlane

et al. 2021

Hearts

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“…Additionally, due to the limited computation power from the MCU, the moving average is less likely to interrupt continuous monitoring, which requires constant ADC operations and data analyses. In future work, we will explore other methods such as notch filter [23], Savitzky-Golay filter [24], or adapting the common-mode interference as reference signal [25] to find the best option in reducing the noise while preserving accurate ECG information under the hardware limitations.…”

Section: Ecg Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Non-Contact Compact Portable ECG Monitoring System

et al. 2021

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Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have been listed among the most deadly diseases worldwide. Many CVDs are likely to manifest their symptoms some time prior to the onset of any adverse or catastrophic events, and early detection of cardiac abnormalities is incredibly important. However, traditional electrocardiography (ECG) monitoring systems face challenges with respect to their scalability and affordability as they require direct body contact and cumbersome equipment. As a step forward from the large-scale direct-contact ECG monitoring devices, which are inconvenient for the user in terms of wearability and portability, in this research, we present a small-sized, non-contact, real-time recording system for mobile long-term monitoring of ECG signals. The device mainly comprises three non-contact electrodes to sense the bio-potential signal, an AD8233 AFE IC to extract the ECG signal, and a CC2650 MCU to read, filter, and transmit them. The device is powered by a 2000 mAh lithium-ion battery with isolation between digital and analog powers on the board using two low-dropout regulators (LDOs). The board’s dimension is 8.56 cm × 5.4 cm, the size of a credit card, making it optimal to be worn in a shirt chest pocket. In spite of its small form factor, the device still manages to achieve a continuous measurement battery life of over 16 h, total harmonic distortion below −30 dB across the interested frequency range, an input-referred noise as low as 1.46 µV for contacted cases and 5.15 µV for non-contact cases through cotton, and clear ECG recording for both contact and non-contact sensing, all at a cost around USD 50.

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“…Analog filters are made up of three basic elements-resistor (R), inductor (L) and capacitor (C)-and have fixed parameters [15,23]. The digital filters are designed based on the computing power of the central processing unit (CPU), so the parameters can be changed more flexibly [24]. To completely eliminate the two types of noise in the ECG signal, designing both low-pass (LP) and high-pass (HP) filters is necessary [25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Along with advanced semiconductor technology, there have been many analog Front end (AFE) for ECG applications, produced by created manufacturers, serving biological measurement, such as TI, Maxim Integrated and Analog Devices, and the more compact and precise form of these components makes the design of wearable devices faster and easier [3,24,29,30]. The streamlined design process accelerates the commercial product launch process [24,31]. These bio-sensors usually have a variable sampling frequency [32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The basic structure of a wearable device includes bio-sensor and system-on-chip module (microcontroller unit (MCU), Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, battery management, etc.,) [32,[36][37][38]. Since most ECG wearable devices use batteries, reducing the amount of computation on the data is also an effective method to save energy consumption and prolong usage time [24,32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Comparison Features of ECG Signal with Different Sampling Frequencies and Filter Methods for Real-Time Measurement

Bui

Byun

2021

Symmetry

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Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals have been used to monitor and diagnose signs of cardiovascular disease and abnormal signals about the human body. ECG signals are typically characterized by the PR, QRS, QT interval, ST-segment, and heart rate (HR) parameters. ECG devices are widely used for many applications, especially for the elderly. However, ECG signals are often affected by noises from the environment. There are mainly two types of noises that affect the ECG signals: low frequencies from muscle activity and 50/60 Hz from the electrical grid. Removing these noises is important for improving the quality of the ECG signal. A clear ECG signal makes it easy to diagnose cardiovascular problems. ECG signals with high sampling frequency are more accurate. However, the noises in the signal will be more obvious and it will be difficult to remove these noises with filters. We analyzed the symmetrical correlation between the sampling frequency of the signal and the parameters of the signal such as signal to noise ratio (SNR) and signal amplitude. This study will compare characterization of ECG signals performed at different sampling frequencies before and after applying infinite impulse response (IIR) and symmetric finite impulse response (FIR) filters. Therefore, it is critical that the sampling frequency is consistent at the same frequency of the ECG signal for accurate diagnosis. Furthermore, the approach can be also important for the device to help reduce the device’s computing power and hardware resources. Our results were tested with the MIT/ BIH database at 360 Hz sampling frequency with 11-bit resolution. We also experimented with the device operating in real-time with a sampling frequency from 100 Hz to 2133 Hz and a 24-bit resolution. The test results show the advantages of the symmetric FIR filter over IIR when applied to the filtering of ECG signals. The study’s conclusions can be applied to real-world devices to improve the quality of ECG signals.

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Advances of ECG Sensors from Hardware, Software and Format Interoperability Perspectives

Cited by 33 publications

References 182 publications

The History and Challenges of SCP-ECG: The Standard Communication Protocol for Computer-Assisted Electrocardiography

The History and Challenges of SCP-ECG: The Standard Communication Protocol for Computer-Assisted Electrocardiography

A Non-Contact Compact Portable ECG Monitoring System

The Comparison Features of ECG Signal with Different Sampling Frequencies and Filter Methods for Real-Time Measurement

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