“…Currently, there is no off-the-shelf biomaterials can efficiently induce angiogenesis, and proangiogenic drugs typically suffer from their abnormal angiogenesis and potential cancer risk [ 6 ]. The tissue engineered prevascularization techniques (as coculture, cell sheet technology, spheroids, three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting, and microfluidic technology [ 3 , [7] , [8] , [9] ]) mainly base on: ①vascular endothelial cells (VECs) [ 10 , 11 ] (or VECs differentiated from stem cell [ 12 , 13 ]) or various types of cells as VECs, fibroblasts, and SCs [ 11 ], and then transplanting vascularized engineered grafts enter the body and coincide with the angiogenesis of the host; ② growth factors or cytokines that promote angiogenesis include VEGF, bFGF, HGF, etc. [ [14] , [15] , [16] ].…”