Advances in toughened polymer materials by structured rubber particles

Wang, Jianfeng; Zhang, Xiaohong; Jiang, Lei; Qiao, Jinliang

doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.101160

Cited by 136 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 280 publications

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“…The increased impact strength of PVC corresponded to the toughening effect of the UFPR in the PVC matrix. It is well known that the energy adsorption mechanism of a rubber particle consists of crazing and deformation of the matrix, which is involved in the toughening mechanism [ 9 , 32 ]. The SEM micrographs of the fracture surface of neat PVC and PVC loaded with different contents of the UFPNR are presented in Figure 7 b–f.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Research and development on UFPNR is being continually carried out to improve its properties for use as a toughening modifier in polymer matrices at the industrial level, with competitive performance compared to petroleum-based ultrafine fully vulcanized powdered rubber (UFPR) from styrene-butadiene, nitrile–butadiene, etc. [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Coagent Functionalities on Properties of Ultrafine Fully Vulcanized Powdered Natural Rubber Prepared as Toughening Filler in Rigid PVC

et al. 2021

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Ultrafine fully vulcanized powdered natural rubber (UFPNR) has a promising application as a renewable toughening modifier in polymer matrices. In this work, the effects of acrylate coagents, which had different amounts of functional groups, on properties of UFPNR produced by radiation vulcanization and spray-drying was systematically investigated for the first time. Dipropylene glycol diacrylate (DPGDA), trimethylol propane trimethaacrylate (TMPTMA), and ditrimethylol propane tetraacrylate (DTMPTA) were used as coagents with two, three, and four acrylate groups, respectively. The radiation in the range of 250 to 400 kGy and coagent contents of up to 11 phr were used in the production process. Physical, chemical, and thermal properties of the UFPNR were characterized by swelling analysis, scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. The properties of UFPNR produced by using different type and content of coagents were compared and discussed. The results revealed that UFPNR with the smallest particle size of 3.6 ± 1.1 μm and the highest thermal stability (Td5 = 349 °C) could be obtained by using DTMPTA, which had the highest amount of functional group. It was proposed that the coagent with the greater number of acrylate groups enhanced the crosslinking of natural rubber as it had more reactive groups. Finally, an application of UFPNR as a toughening filler in rigid PVC was demonstrated with 34% improvement of impact strength.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Coagent Functionalities on Properties of Ultrafine Fully Vulcanized Powdered Natural Rubber Prepared as Toughening Filler in Rigid PVC

et al. 2021

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“…We have analyzed the relation between the microstructure observed in Figures 9 and 10 and the absorbed energy in the Izod test in both solids and foams. On the one hand, EOC‐H compound interparticle distance was much higher than the one obtained for EOC‐L blend (Figure 10) and the impact resistance was slightly better, contradicting the interparticle distance model 12 . The high viscosity compounds (EOC‐H and EBC‐H) exhibited similar elastomer morphology and, however, the absorbed energy was 60% lower for the last blend.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…In addition, the adhesion between phases is crucial 24 . Numerous studies have been carried out to improve the adhesion by different strategies such as the use of compatibilizers or grafted polymers 12 . Examples are given by Yu, Wahit, or Lim in polyamide, PP and grafted POE blends 8,25,26 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the elastomer viscosity on the morphology and impact behavior of injection molded foams based on blends of polypropylene and polyolefin elastomers

Muñoz-Pascual

Saiz‐Arroyo²,

Vananroye

et al. 2020

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The impact resistance of injection‐molded polypropylene (PP) parts is severely reduced when they are foamed. It is necessary to implement strategies, such as elastomer toughening, to increase the impact behavior of foamed parts. However, the knowledge on the effect of elastomer addition on the morphology, cellular structure, and impact of injection‐molded cellular parts is very limited. In this work, foamed parts based on blends of PP and polyolefin elastomers have been produced and characterized. A high and a low viscosity octene‐ethylene copolymer (EOC) and a high viscosity butene‐ethylene copolymer (EBC) were employed. The blends have been thermally and rheological characterized. Solids materials and foams (relative density 0.76) were injection‐molded. The solid phase and cellular structure morphologies were studied using scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that elastomer toughening has been successful to obtain an improvement of the impact behavior in solid and cellular polymers. In this case, EOC materials provide an appropriate interfacial adhesion and optimized cellular structure which results in high impact resistance. The optimum elastomer to improve the properties is the EOC with a higher viscosity which provides impact resistance with n values below 3 due to the toughening of polymer matrix, thick skin thickness, and low cell size.

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“…The morphology and failure mechanisms of mode-I fracture surfaces of nanocomposites filled by pure and functionalized halloysites were examined by SEM. Previous studies [8,13,62,[67][68][69][70] showed that enhancement in both fracture energy and fracture toughness exhibited by nano-modified composites are strongly related to a large amount of energy dissipated by the presence of various plastic deformation and damage mechanisms taking place at the micro-and nanoscale level. Figure 11 shows the SEM images of the fractured surfaces of pure SC-15 matrix tested under CT tests at increasing magnification (X300, X600, X1000, and X3000).…”

Section: Morphology Of Fracture Surfacesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Halloysite nanotubes functionalized with epoxy and thiol organosilane groups to improve fracture toughness in nanocomposites

Murphy¹,

Kent²,

Freeman³

et al. 2020

SN Appl. Sci.

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Advances in toughened polymer materials by structured rubber particles

Cited by 136 publications

References 280 publications

Effects of Coagent Functionalities on Properties of Ultrafine Fully Vulcanized Powdered Natural Rubber Prepared as Toughening Filler in Rigid PVC

Effects of Coagent Functionalities on Properties of Ultrafine Fully Vulcanized Powdered Natural Rubber Prepared as Toughening Filler in Rigid PVC

Effect of the elastomer viscosity on the morphology and impact behavior of injection molded foams based on blends of polypropylene and polyolefin elastomers

Halloysite nanotubes functionalized with epoxy and thiol organosilane groups to improve fracture toughness in nanocomposites

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