Advances in the Study of the Behavior of Full-Depth Reclamation (FDR) with Cement

Abstract

Road maintenance and rehabilitation are expected to meet modern society's demands for sustainable development. Full-depth reclamation with cement as a binder is closely linked to the concept of sustainability. In addition to the environmental benefits of reusing the existing pavement as aggregate, this practice entails significant technical and economic advantages. In Spain, in the absence of tests specifically designed to determine the behavior of recycled pavements stabilized with cement, these materials are treated as soil-cement or cement-bound granular material. This assumption is not entirely accurate, because this recycled pavement contains some bituminous elements that reduce its stiffness. This study aimed to obtain the relationships between flexural strength (FS) and the parameters that describe the pavement behavior (long-term unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and indirect tensile strength (ITS)) and compare the findings with the relationships between these parameters in soil-cement and cement-bound granular materials. The results showed that the similar behavior hypothesis is not entirely accurate for recycled pavements stabilized with cement, because they have lower strength values-although, this is not necessarily an indication of poorer performance.

A Series of Vertical Deflections, a Promising Traffic Calming Measure: Analysis and Recommendations for Spacing

“…Additionally, the individual significance of each coefficient and the intercept was tested by the Student's t-test if a p-value < 0.05 is obtained. Furthermore, if a linear regression model is adopted, some hypotheses that are assumed must be verified [58][59][60][61][62][63][64]: a linear relationship (checked by the high Pearson coefficient between variables, R), the independence of the observations (certified by the Durbin-Watson statistic near the range 1.5-2.5); the homoscedasticity (evaluated by the absence of any pattern in a plot of the standardized predicted values vs. standardized residuals), and errors are normally distributed (checked by a Shapiro-Wilk normality test).…”

A Practice for the Application of Waste in Road Asphalt Pavements in an Eco-Friendly Way

“…Actually, the most common technology to fabricate asphalt mixtures is the hot process, where the mixing phase (involving the aggregates, bitumen, and filler) occurs at the temperatures of 170-180 • C. With the aim of minimizing the negative impacts on the environment when the asphalt mixtures are produced, new technologies have become established: the warm and cold process [47,48]. These two technologies reduce energy consumption by lowering the temperature at which asphalt mixtures are produced and laid [49].…”

Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and the Environmental Impact of the Production of Asphalt Mixes Modified with Recycled Materials

“…Most of the damage caused is focused on water and energy consumption, emissions of polluting gases into the atmosphere and the exploitation of natural resources [1]. The construction of infrastructures and their subsequent operation depend on the use of large amounts of energy and electricity, which involves the production of elements that help to increase environmental damage [2]. Therefore, it is relevant to develop new studies and techniques that help to reduce the ecological footprint during the life cycle of the materials that form an asphalt mix [3].…”