Advances in the design and development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines

Peng, Xue-Liang; Cheng, Ji-Si-Yu; Gong, Hai‐Lun; Yuan, Mao-Sen; Zhao, Xiaohong; Liu, Yupeng; Wei, Daixu

doi:10.1186/s40779-021-00360-1

Cited by 47 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 250 publications

(143 reference statements)

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“…After over 400 million people have been vaccinated worldwide, the risk of serious adverse effects is now rarely reported [ 3 , 4 ]. China is one of the leading countries in receiving SARS-CoV-2 vaccine injection [ 5 ]. Post-vaccine can cause acute pain and swelling in the shoulder.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-SARS-CoV-2-vaccine shoulder pain: Is it relevant to the vaccine injection? – Correspondence

Deng

Zhang

Liu

et al. 2022

International Journal of Surgery

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-SARS-CoV-2-vaccine shoulder pain: Is it relevant to the vaccine injection? – Correspondence

Deng

Zhang

Liu

et al. 2022

International Journal of Surgery

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“…Our study provides values for the potential benefits for subsequent production of protein and nucleotides. Studies on engineered microbes and synthetic biology for the production of 3HB may have practical applications and high market values in the healthcare field [ 95 , 96 ]. 3HB deserves more studies to improve physical functions and quality of life in the best interest of mankind.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanism of reduced muscle atrophy via ketone body (D)-3-hydroxybutyrate

Chen

Zhang

et al. 2022

Cell Biosci

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Background Muscle atrophy is an increasingly global health problem affecting millions, there is a lack of clinical drugs or effective therapy. Excessive loss of muscle mass is the typical characteristic of muscle atrophy, manifesting as muscle weakness accompanied by impaired metabolism of protein and nucleotide. (D)-3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB), one of the main components of the ketone body, has been reported to be effective for the obvious hemodynamic effects in atrophic cardiomyocytes and exerts beneficial metabolic reprogramming effects in healthy muscle. This study aims to exploit how the 3HB exerts therapeutic effects for treating muscle atrophy induced by hindlimb unloaded mice. Results Anabolism/catabolism balance of muscle protein was maintained with 3HB via the Akt/FoxO3a and the mTOR/4E-BP1 pathways; protein homeostasis of 3HB regulation includes pathways of ubiquitin–proteasomal, autophagic-lysosomal, responses of unfolded-proteins, heat shock and anti-oxidation. Metabolomic analysis revealed the effect of 3HB decreased purine degradation and reduced the uric acid in atrophied muscles; enhanced utilization from glutamine to glutamate also provides evidence for the promotion of 3HB during the synthesis of proteins and nucleotides. Conclusions 3HB significantly inhibits the loss of muscle weights, myofiber sizes and myofiber diameters in hindlimb unloaded mouse model; it facilitates positive balance of proteins and nucleotides with enhanced accumulation of glutamate and decreased uric acid in wasting muscles, revealing effectiveness for treating muscle atrophy. Graphical Abstract

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“…Recombinant protein vaccines, in particular, have the ability to generate both mucosal and humoral immunity. Immunization efficacy can be improved by combining DNA vaccines and recombinant protein vaccines [ 135 ].…”

Section: Subunit Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines

et al. 2022

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COVID-19 vaccines have been developed to confer immunity against the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Prior to the pandemic of COVID-19 which started in March 2020, there was a well-established understanding about the structure and pathogenesis of previously known Coronaviruses from the SARS and MERS outbreaks. In addition to this, vaccines for various Coronaviruses were available for veterinary use. This knowledge supported the creation of various vaccine platforms for SARS-CoV-2. Before COVID-19 there are no reports of a vaccine being developed in under a year and no vaccine for preventing coronavirus infection in humans had ever been developed. Approximately nine different technologies are being researched and developed at various levels in order to design an effective COVID-19 vaccine. As the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for generating substantial adaptive immune response, mostly all the vaccine candidates have been targeting the whole spike protein or epitopes of spike protein as a vaccine candidate. In this review, we have compiled the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and followed by the mechanism of action of various vaccine platforms such as mRNA vaccines, Adenoviral vectored vaccine, inactivated virus vaccines and subunit vaccines in the market. In the end we have also summarized the various adjuvants used in the COVID-19 vaccine formulation.

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Advances in the design and development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines

Cited by 47 publications

References 250 publications

Post-SARS-CoV-2-vaccine shoulder pain: Is it relevant to the vaccine injection? – Correspondence

Post-SARS-CoV-2-vaccine shoulder pain: Is it relevant to the vaccine injection? – Correspondence

Mechanism of reduced muscle atrophy via ketone body (D)-3-hydroxybutyrate

Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines

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