Advances in Propagation of Grapevine in the World

Abstract

-Grapevine production by classical grafting methods and in commercial scale emerged over 130 years. This system remained handmade until the mid-1950s, when emerged the first international certification programs aimed at obtaining mother plants with high viral sanity. The necessity to increase the scale of production on industrial model and plant material production based on minimum morphological standards appeared at the end of the 1960s. Along the 1970s, research unlocked knowledge on semi-automated grafting, process hygiene, use of plant growth regulators and understanding of physiological events of rootstock-scion compatibility, callus formation and rooting. So, until the mid-2000s, certification schemes and propagation processes advanced little in technical standard. However, grapevine growing areas were expanded and demands for plant material increased, and new diseases emerged from contaminated nurseries. These new diseases (new viral complexes, phytoplasmas, bacteria and grapevine trunk diseases) were discovered by high-sensitivity diagnostic methods. Today, there is a new discussion on the nursery segment worldwide. The propagation techniques have been reviewed from the perspective of reducing the incidence of new diseases and minimum physiological damage of nursery plants during the production stages. Therefore, technological innovations regarding equipment, practices and production inputs have been incorporated in new certification schemes. However, despite these advantages, these schemes have become more complex and multidisciplinary than previous ones, bringing difficulties in adaptation of nurserymen. Index-terms: Vitis grafting, nursery, certification, grapevine cuttings. AVANÇOS OBSERVADOS NA PROPAGAÇÃO DE VIDEIRAS NO MUNDORESUMO -A propagação de videiras a partir dos métodos clássicos de enxertia e em escala comercial teve origem há mais de 130 anos. Este sistema permaneceu artesanal até meados da década de 1950, quando se iniciaram os primeiros programas internacionais de certificação com foco na obtenção de plantas básicas com elevada sanidade para vírus. No fim da década de 1960, surgiu a necessidade de aumentar a escala para produção em um modelo industrial em que a muda apresentasse um padrão morfológico mínimo. Ao longo da década de 1970, aprofundaram-se as pesquisas relacionadas à automatização da prática de enxertia, à higienização do processo, ao uso de reguladores de crescimento e ao entendimento dos eventos fisiológicos da compatibilidade entre enxerto e porta-enxerto, formação de calos e enraizamentos. Assim, até meados dos anos 2000, os esquemas de certificação e o processo de propagação pouco evoluíram em termos técnicos. Porém, a medida que a área vitícola foi expandindo e a demanda por mudas aumentando, verificou-se que novas doenças se alastravam em escala global a partir de viveiros contaminados. Estas novas doenças (complexos virais, fitoplasmas, bactérias e fungos causadores de podridões vasculares) foram sendo descobertas à medida que os métodos de diagnose avançaram...

Xylem anatomy and hydraulic traits in Vitis grafted cuttings in view of their impact on the young grapevine decline

“…Over the years, several bench grafting techniques on dormant propagation material have evolved to mechanize the nursery process and to increase the yield in numbers of viable cuttings ( Grohs et al, 2017 ), such as the Full Cleft (FC) grafting, the Whip and Tongue (W&T) grafting, and the Omega grafting. FC grafting is the easiest form of bench grafting between dormant scion and dormant rootstock and especially in the past, it was also applied in the field to graft a cutting scion on an older rooted rootstock.…”

Special aspects of the development of harmful objects on the grape mother plants of the original category in the conditions of the Rostov region

“…The solution to this problem is primarily achieved by observing quarantine measures, as well as preventing the emergence of development outbreaks of harmful organisms by timely processing of plantings with highly effective protective and eradicating pesticides. In developed wine-growing regions, comprehensive standards for the production of high-quality planting material have been developed, in which procedures have been developed to comply with quarantine and phytosanitary measures on mother plantings of various biological categories [9][10][11][12].…”