Advances in Preventive Therapy for Estrogen-Receptor-Negative Breast Cancer

Abstract

Preventing breast cancer is an effective strategy for reducing breast cancer deaths. The purpose of chemoprevention (also termed preventive therapy) is to reduce cancer incidence by use of natural, synthetic, or biological agents. The efficacy of tamoxifen, raloxifene, and exemestane as preventive therapy against estrogen-receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer is well established for women at increased risk for breast cancer. However, because breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, distinct preventive approaches may be required for effective prevention of each subtype. Current research is, therefore, focused on identifying alternative mechanisms by which biologically active compounds can reduce the risk of all breast cancer subtypes including ER-negative breast cancer. Promising agents are currently being developed for prevention of HER2-positive and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and include inhibitors of the ErbB family receptors, COX-2 inhibitors, metformin, retinoids, statins, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors, and natural compounds. This review focuses on recent progress in research to develop more effective preventive agents, in particular for prevention of ER-negative breast cancer.

Possibilities of application of genetic and serum oncomarkers in early diagnostics of breast cancer

“…По мнению авторов, такой эффект связан с неселективным ингибированием циклооксигеназы-2, которая гиперэкспрессируется при РМЖ [41]. Помимо аспирина в качестве профилактических средств рассматриваются препараты из группы ретиноидов, статинов, а также метформин [42].…”

Medical Prevention of Breast Cancer

“…Moreover, metformin use for 2 weeks in a neoadjuvant setting was associated with a decrease of tumor cell proliferation [42,43], although the effect was not observed in all studies [44]. Several clinical trials are in progress to investigate the breast cancer preventive activity of metformin [45]. …”

“…The vitamin A analogues regulate gene expression, and several retinoids have demonstrated cancer preventive effects in preclinical breast cancer models [45]. The less-toxic synthetic analog fenretinide has been already investigated in human studies.…”

“…‘Rexinoids' such as bexarotene, LG100268 and 9cUAB30 are new synthetic retinoic acid derivatives that only activate retinoid X receptors (RXR). Preclinical studies suggest a preventive potential on hormone receptor-negative breast cancer [45]. …”

“…However, most of the new agents have not been yet proven in a clinical setting on humans. Data have been summarized in several instructive reviews [45,59,60]. …”