Advances in position-sensitive photodetectors for PET applications

Guerra, A. Del; Belcari, Nicola; Bisogni, Maria Giuseppina; Llosá, G.; Marcatili, Sara; Moehrs, Sascha

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2009.01.034

Cited by 17 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(23 reference statements)

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“…Historically, the most commonly used photosensors in PET scanners were photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) [7]. This was mainly due to their very high gain, low noise, and fast response.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Fully Digital 8$\,\times\,$16 SiPM Array for PET Applications With Per-Pixel TDCs and Real-Time Energy Output

Braga

Gasparini

Grant

et al. 2014

IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits

173

130

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An 8 16 pixel array based on CMOS small-area silicon photomultipliers (mini-SiPMs) detectors for PET applications is reported. Each pixel is 570 610 m in size and contains four digital mini-SiPMs, for a total of 720 SPADs, resulting in a full chip fill-factor of 35.7%. For each gamma detection, the pixel provides the total detected energy and a timestamp, obtained through two 7-b counters and two 12-b 64-ps TDCs. An adder tree overlaid on top of the pixel array sums the sensor total counts at up to 100 Msamples/s, which are then used for detecting the asynchronous gamma events on-chip, while also being output in realtime. Characterization of gamma detection performance with an 3 3 5 mm LYSO scintillator at 20 C is reported, showing a 511-keV gamma energy resolution of 10.9% and a coincidence timing resolution of 399 ps.

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“…Historically, the most commonly used photosensors in PET scanners were photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) [7]. This was mainly due to their very high gain, low noise, and fast response.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Fully Digital 8$\,\times\,$16 SiPM Array for PET Applications With Per-Pixel TDCs and Real-Time Energy Output

Braga

Gasparini

Grant

et al. 2014

IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits

173

130

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The compactness and design flexibility of solid-state detectors make them easily adaptable to different applications by tailoring their layout, overall size, microcell size, and fill-factor (FF) to enhance the desired properties, such as photon detection efficiency (PDE), already larger than most photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) [3], or dynamic range. SiPMs are compatible to systems with static and dynamic magnetic fields and have been successfully applied, or tested in different applications, which can be divided into three groups: single-photon detection applications (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Planar CMOS analog SiPMs: design, modeling, and characterization

Zou

Villa

Bronzi

et al. 2015

Journal of Modern Optics

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, respectively). Although dark count rate density is slightly higher than state-of-the-art analog SiPMs, the proposed standard CMOS processing opens the feasibility of integration with active electronics, for switching hot pixels off, drastically reducing the overall dark count rate, or for further on-chip processing.keywoards-single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD); silicon photomultiplier (SiPM); single-photon sensitivity; photon counting; CMOS technology; SPICE modeling

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“…Although APDs have several advantages, such as, a compact size and insensitivity to magnetic fields, the major concern regarding the use of APDs for TOF measurement is that the timing resolutions of the array and position-sensitive types are limited [31].…”

Section: Potential Of Tof Pet/mrimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, Geiger-mode APDs (G-APDs), a relatively new type of semiconductor photo-sensor, are more promising than conventional APDs for MR-compatible TOF PET detectors [10,31]. Although they are referred to using different names by different manufacturers, such as, SiPMs, SSPMs, and MPPCs, G-APDs have a common structure of parallel inter-connecting micro APD cells operated in Geiger-mode (Fig.…”

Section: Potential Of Tof Pet/mrimentioning

confidence: 99%

Technical Advances in Current PET and Hybrid Imaging Systems

Lee¹

2010

TONMEDJ

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Abstract:The continuing efforts of investigators to achieve the best physical and clinical performances from PET (positron emission tomography) and related hybrid cameras (PET/CT and PET/MRI) have led to remarkable technical advances in hardware and software.Time of flight (TOF) information measurement, which has been enabled thanks to the invention of fast, heavy crystals and advances in fast light detection sensors and readout electronics, is used to obtain the PET images of better quality and lesion-detection performance. Statistical reconstruction with resolution recovery and measurements of depth of interaction (DOI) are the useful software-and hardware-wise approaches for enhancing the spatial resolution of reconstructed PET images. These technical advances along with an expansive increase in the number of PET and PET/CT examinations performed are facilitating the widespread use of PET scanners with specific detector structures and arrangements for particular applications or organs. Combined multimodal imaging systems are also in the development mainstream of these PET systems.In this paper, these important technologies (TOF measurements, statistical reconstruction with resolution recovery, DOI detectors, and application-specific PET cameras) that have made major contributions to advances in state-of-the-art clinical and preclinical PET and hybrid systems are reviewed.

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Advances in position-sensitive photodetectors for PET applications

Cited by 17 publications

References 27 publications

A Fully Digital 8$\,\times\,$16 SiPM Array for PET Applications With Per-Pixel TDCs and Real-Time Energy Output

A Fully Digital 8$\,\times\,$16 SiPM Array for PET Applications With Per-Pixel TDCs and Real-Time Energy Output

Planar CMOS analog SiPMs: design, modeling, and characterization

Technical Advances in Current PET and Hybrid Imaging Systems

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