“…Ocean modeling was making great leaps forward (Curchitser et al, 2013, in this issue) that paralleled developments in computer technology and informed field sampling strategies (McGillicuddy et al, 2001). At the same time, long time series that would enable retrospective analysis had been obtained in many locations in the coastal ocean (e.g., Bisagni et al, 1996;Meise and O'Reilly, 1996;Conversi et al, 2001;Pierce et al, 2006;Huyer et al, 2007).…”