Advances in Oral Drug Delivery

Abstract

The oral route is the most common route for drug administration. It is the most preferred route, due to its advantages, such as non-invasiveness, patient compliance and convenience of drug administration. Various factors govern oral drug absorption including drug solubility, mucosal permeability, and stability in the gastrointestinal tract environment. Attempts to overcome these factors have focused on understanding the physicochemical, biochemical, metabolic and biological barriers which limit the overall drug bioavailability. Different pharmaceutical technologies and drug delivery systems including nanocarriers, micelles, cyclodextrins and lipid-based carriers have been explored to enhance oral drug absorption. To this end, this review will discuss the physiological, and pharmaceutical barriers influencing drug bioavailability for the oral route of administration, as well as the conventional and novel drug delivery strategies. The challenges and development aspects of pediatric formulations will also be addressed.

Recent Advances in Exosome-Based Drug Delivery for Cancer Therapy

“…As the field of research on effective drug delivery systems (DDS) development has been grown eagerly, the exosomes possessing low immunogenicity and a high bioabsorption rate are being focused as potent drug carriers. The main purpose of the DDS is to allow the drug to overcome biological barriers (e.g., cell membrane, efflux transporter, and metabolic enzymes) to have high bioavailability in target regions [25][26][27][28].…”

An Updated Overview of the Emerging Role of Patch and Film-Based Buccal Delivery Systems

“…Drugs can cross buccal epithelium by transcellular (intracellular) and paracellular (intercellular) transport mechanisms [26,27]. The transcellular route mainly involves moving across the stratified epithelial membranes by low-molecular-weight lipophilic compounds with optimum lipophilicity (log P 1.6-3.3) and is a complex phenomenon [28]. The para-cellular route permits small low-molecular-weight hydrophilic compounds to permeate through the extracellular amphiphilic lipid matrix via passive diffusion, which is a major barrier, particularly, for macromolecular hydrophilic compounds such as peptides.…”

Cyclodextrin Complexed Lipid Nanoparticles of Irbesartan for Oral Applications: Design, Development, and In Vitro Characterization

“…Oral formulations account for around 90% of the global market share of all pharmaceutical formulations intended for human use. According to current estimates, orally administered pharmaceutical products account for about 84 percent of the best-selling pharmaceutical items, which are currently valued at $35 billion and growing at a 10% yearly pace [1,2]. Patient compliance to oral medications is generally higher than other routes of administration such as intravenous, subcutaneous, and intramuscular, as well as to inhalation medications.…”