Advances in Noble-Metal Nanoparticle-Based Fluorescence Detection of Organophosphorus Chemical Warfare Agents

Abstract

Efficient and simple detection of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) is an essential step in minimizing the potentially lethal consequences of chemical weapons. CWAs are a family of organic chemicals that are used as chemical weapons because of their enormous severity and lethal effects when faced with unforeseen challenges. To stop the spread of CWAs, it is critical to develop a platform that detects them in a sensitive, timely, selective, and minimally invasive manner. Rapid advances in the demand for on-site sensors, metal nanoparticles, and biomarker identification for CWAs have made it possible to use fluorescence as a precise real-time and point-of-care (POCT) testing technique. For POCT-based applications, the new capabilities of micro- and nanomotors offer enormous prospects. In recent decades, significant progress has been made in the design of fluorescent sensors and the further development of noble metal nanoparticles for the detection of organophosphorus CWAs, as described in this review. Through this work, recent attempts to fabricate sensors that can detect organophosphorus CWAs through changes in their fluorescence properties have been summarized. Finally, an integrated outlook on how noble metal nanoparticles could be used to develop smart sensors for organophosphorus CWAs that communicate with and control electronic devices to monitor and improve the health of individuals.

Construct a Magnetic Pt/Ru Alloy Peroxidase Mimic As a Reusable and Cost-Effective “Signal-Off” Sensing Platform for Sensitive and Wide-Linear-Range Assay

“…For the OXD-based “signal-off” sensing platforms, several limitations have been identified. Primarily, the reliance on DO for TMB oxidation can result in variable TMB production due to fluctuations in oxygen levels attributable to changes in temperature or pressure, potentially compromising detection accuracy. − Additionally, the diversity of available OXD nanozymes is limited both in terms of quantity and variety when compared to peroxidase (POD) nanozymes, thereby constraining the range of sensing platform designs. − Furthermore, OXD nanozymes generally exhibit lower catalytic activity relative to POD nanozymes, which is disadvantageous for optimizing LOD and LR. , POD nanozymes offer solutions to these challenges; importantly, they catalyze the production of the same oxidation product, namely, oxTMB, which is a crucial intermediate for “signal-off” assays. Therefore, there is significant potential in harnessing POD nanozymes for the development of “signal-off” sensing platforms, although such applications have been scarcely explored in the existing literature.…”

Colorimetric Gas Detection Tubes: Limits of Detection and Evaluation Using Active Chemical Warfare Agents

“…2,17 There is therefore a continued effort to improve colorimetric sensors to both lower their LODs and make them simpler to use. 18,19 Draeger Inc. has developed a new generation of their colorimetric gas detection tubes for phosphoric acid ester (G) and thioether (H) vapors, which are the main functional groups for GB and HD chemical agents, respectively. There are heavy restrictions on the use of live chemical agents.…”

“…For example, while spectroscopic and spectrometric methods offer low response times and limits of detection (LODs), they also require power sources for the operation of vacuum systems, lasers, and electronics that limit their size, weight, portability, and cost. Colorimetric systems can be much smaller by not requiring power for operation but frequently lack clear discrimination between positive and negative responses at low concentrations and have higher LODs. , There is therefore a continued effort to improve colorimetric sensors to both lower their LODs and make them simpler to use. , Draeger Inc. has developed a new generation of their colorimetric gas detection tubes for phosphoric acid ester (G) and thioether (H) vapors, which are the main functional groups for GB and HD chemical agents, respectively. There are heavy restrictions on the use of live chemical agents.…”