Abstract:Background
Tissue engineering provides various strategies to fabricate an appropriate microenvironment to support the repair and regeneration of lost or damaged tissues. In this matter, several technologies have been implemented to construct close‐to‐native three‐dimensional structures at numerous physiological scales, which are essential to confer the functional characteristics of living tissues.
Methods
In this article, we review a variety of microfabrication technologies that are currently utilized for seve… Show more
“…In many biological and chemical fields, microfabrication techniques offer an advantage and an opportunity. One possible fabrication technique is photolithography, in which a substrate is hardened by optical or UV light at specific locations [ 69 ]. In contrast, soft lithography enables microstructuring using elastomeric molds, stamps, and photomasks without using the photolithographic technique [ 69 ].…”
“…One possible fabrication technique is photolithography, in which a substrate is hardened by optical or UV light at specific locations [ 69 ]. In contrast, soft lithography enables microstructuring using elastomeric molds, stamps, and photomasks without using the photolithographic technique [ 69 ]. Since 3D printing techniques are already found in many fields of medicine, many biopolymers have been used for various 3D printing techniques that achieve sufficient printing resolution.…”
Over the past few decades, additive manufacturing (AM) has become a reliable tool for prototyping and low-volume production. In recent years, the market share of such products has increased rapidly as these manufacturing concepts allow for greater part complexity compared to conventional manufacturing technologies. Furthermore, as recyclability and biocompatibility have become more important in material selection, biopolymers have also become widely used in AM. This article provides an overview of AM with advanced biopolymers in fields from medicine to food packaging. Various AM technologies are presented, focusing on the biopolymers used, selected part fabrication strategies, and influential parameters of the technologies presented. It should be emphasized that inkjet bioprinting, stereolithography, selective laser sintering, fused deposition modeling, extrusion-based bioprinting, and scaffold-free printing are the most commonly used AM technologies for the production of parts from advanced biopolymers. Achievable part complexity will be discussed with emphasis on manufacturable features, layer thickness, production accuracy, materials applied, and part strength in correlation with key AM technologies and their parameters crucial for producing representative examples, anatomical models, specialized medical instruments, medical implants, time-dependent prosthetic features, etc. Future trends of advanced biopolymers focused on establishing target-time-dependent part properties through 4D additive manufacturing are also discussed.
“…In many biological and chemical fields, microfabrication techniques offer an advantage and an opportunity. One possible fabrication technique is photolithography, in which a substrate is hardened by optical or UV light at specific locations [ 69 ]. In contrast, soft lithography enables microstructuring using elastomeric molds, stamps, and photomasks without using the photolithographic technique [ 69 ].…”
“…One possible fabrication technique is photolithography, in which a substrate is hardened by optical or UV light at specific locations [ 69 ]. In contrast, soft lithography enables microstructuring using elastomeric molds, stamps, and photomasks without using the photolithographic technique [ 69 ]. Since 3D printing techniques are already found in many fields of medicine, many biopolymers have been used for various 3D printing techniques that achieve sufficient printing resolution.…”
Over the past few decades, additive manufacturing (AM) has become a reliable tool for prototyping and low-volume production. In recent years, the market share of such products has increased rapidly as these manufacturing concepts allow for greater part complexity compared to conventional manufacturing technologies. Furthermore, as recyclability and biocompatibility have become more important in material selection, biopolymers have also become widely used in AM. This article provides an overview of AM with advanced biopolymers in fields from medicine to food packaging. Various AM technologies are presented, focusing on the biopolymers used, selected part fabrication strategies, and influential parameters of the technologies presented. It should be emphasized that inkjet bioprinting, stereolithography, selective laser sintering, fused deposition modeling, extrusion-based bioprinting, and scaffold-free printing are the most commonly used AM technologies for the production of parts from advanced biopolymers. Achievable part complexity will be discussed with emphasis on manufacturable features, layer thickness, production accuracy, materials applied, and part strength in correlation with key AM technologies and their parameters crucial for producing representative examples, anatomical models, specialized medical instruments, medical implants, time-dependent prosthetic features, etc. Future trends of advanced biopolymers focused on establishing target-time-dependent part properties through 4D additive manufacturing are also discussed.
“…Replica molding is conducted by filling a master mold with curable polymers to generate OOCs and scaffolds with desired features and geometries. 88,89 The micro-features on the silicone master mold are generally patterned through a photolithography process. More sophisticated patterns can be generated by a multi-layer workflow using a series of photomasks.…”
Section: Replica Molding and Soft Lithographymentioning
Recent advances in both cardiac tissue engineering and hearts‐on‐a‐chip are grounded in new biomaterial development as well as the employment of innovative fabrication techniques that enable precise control of the mechanical, electrical, and structural properties of the cardiac tissues being modelled. The elongated structure of cardiomyocytes requires tuning of substrate properties and application of biophysical stimuli to drive its mature phenotype. Landmark advances have already been achieved with induced pluripotent stem cell‐derived cardiac patches that advanced to human testing. Heart‐on‐a‐chip platforms are now commonly used by a number of pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. Here, we provide an overview of cardiac physiology in order to better define the requirements for functional tissue recapitulation. We then discuss the biomaterials most commonly used in both cardiac tissue engineering and heart‐on‐a‐chip, followed by the discussion of recent representative studies in both fields. We outline significant challenges common to both fields, specifically: scalable tissue fabrication and platform standardization, improving cellular fidelity through effective tissue vascularization, achieving adult tissue maturation, and ultimately developing cryopreservation protocols so that the tissues are available off the shelf.
“… 19–23 These micropatterns are generated using nano- or microfabrication technologies, including micro-molding and additive manufacturing. 24,25 Meanwhile, it has been suggested that 20 μm was the optimal size for guiding the alignment of CMs. 14,26–29 One explanation is that this size resembles the average functional intercapillary distance.…”
Cardiac tissue engineering has emerged as a promising approach for restoring the functionality of damaged cardiac tissues following myocardial infarction. To effectively replicate the native anisotropic structure of cardiac tissues in vitro, this study focused on the fabrication of micropatterned gelatin methacryloyl hydrogels with varying geometric parameters. These substrates were evaluated for their ability to guide induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (CMs). The findings demonstrate that the mechanical properties of this hydrogel closely resemble those of native cardiac tissues, and it exhibits high fidelity in micropattern fabrication. Micropatterned hydrogel substrates lead to enhanced organization, maturation, and contraction of CMs. A microgroove with 20-μm-width and 20-μm-spacing was identified as the optimal configuration for maximizing the contact guidance effect, supported by analyses of nuclear orientation and F-actin organization. Furthermore, this specific micropattern design was found to promote CMs' maturation, as evidenced by increased expression of connexin 43 and vinculin, along with extended sarcomere length. It also enhanced CMs' contraction, resulting in larger contractile amplitudes and greater contractile motion anisotropy. In conclusion, these results underscore the significant benefits of optimizing micropatterned gelatin methacryloyl for improving CMs' organization, maturation, and contraction. This valuable insight paves the way for the development of highly organized and functionally mature cardiac tissues in vitro.
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