Advances in lncRNAs from stem cell-derived exosome for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of mortality globally. Benefiting from the advantages of early diagnosis and precision medicine, stem cell-based therapies have emerged as promising treatment options for CVDs. However, autologous or allogeneic stem cell transplantation imposes a potential risk of immunological rejection, infusion toxicity, and oncogenesis. Fortunately, exosome can override these limitations. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in exosome from stem cell paracrine factors play critical roles in stem cell therapy and participate in numerous regulatory processes, including transcriptional silencing, transcriptional activation, chromosome modification, and intranuclear transport. Accordingly, lncRNAs can treat CVDs by directly acting on specific signaling pathways. This mini review systematically summarizes the key regulatory actions of lncRNAs from different stem cells on myocardial aging and apoptosis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, retinopathy, atherosclerosis, and hypertension. In addition, the current challenges and future prospects of lncRNAs treatment for CVDs are discussed.

Exploring the therapeutic potential of Sirt6-enriched adipose stem cell-derived exosomes in myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury: unfolding new epigenetic frontiers

“…Based on the ability to cross the vessel barrier, excellent biocompatibility, and low immunogenicity, exosomes have emerged as efficient nanoscale messengers for cells or cell-tissue communications [ 16 , 29 ]. Mounting evidence suggests that exosomes possess great capacity to deliver protective non-coding RNAs [ 30 , 31 ], miRNAs [ 32 , 33 ], and healthy organelles [ 34 ] for the treatment of ischemic diseases. ASCs are abundant in source, easy to be harvested and modified, and can robustly release exosomes, which would meet huge clinical demands in future [ 18 , 35 ].…”

Advances in Zebrafish for Diabetes Mellitus with Wound Model

“…Diabetic skin ulcers are characterized by painful ulcers with disintegration of dermis (including epidermis, dermis and, in many cases, subcutaneous tissue) [ 48 ]. At present, the research on the pathology of DFU is mainly focused on immune dysfunction, microbial invasion, impaired cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and pathological scar [ 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 ]. The molecular and cellular mechanisms in delayed diabetic skin wound healing are shown in Figure 2 .…”

Advances in the Utilization of Zebrafish for Assessing and Understanding the Mechanisms of Nano-/Microparticles Toxicity in Water

“…Therefore, analysis of the major genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism in zebrafish liver showed that the expression levels of rate-limiting enzyme genes such as cytoplasmic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEP), glucokinase (GK), and pyruvate kinase (PK) in the glycolytic pathway were reduced. Therefore, glucose and pyruvate production were insufficient, resulting in glucose metabolism disorders [94][95][96]. At the same time, alterations in several genes that regulate hepatic lipogenesis, for example, decreased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family genes, acetyl-coa carboxylase 1 (ACC1), and fatty acid synthase (FAS) genes, have been associated with downregulation of triglyceride (TG) [97].…”