Advances in Exosome Analysis Methods with an Emphasis on Electrochemistry

Abstract

Advances in Exosome Analysis Methods with an Emphasis on ElectrochemistryExosomes, small extracellular vesicles, are released by various cell types. They are found in bodily fluids, including blood, urine, serum, and saliva, and play essential roles in intercellular communication. Exosomes contain various biomarkers, such as nucleic acids and proteins, that reflect the status of their parent cells. Since they influence tumorigenesis and metastasis in cancer patients, exosomes are excellent noninvasive potential indicators for early cancer detection. Aptamers with specific binding properties have distinct advantages over antibodies, making them effective versatile bioreceptors for the detection of exosome biomarkers. Here, we review various aptamer-based exosome detection approaches based on signaling methods, such as fluorescence, colorimetry, and chemiluminescence, focusing on electrochemical strategies that are easier, costeffective, and more sensitive than others. Further, we discuss the clinical applications of electrochemical exosome analysis strategies as well as future research directions in this field.

Nanomaterial‐Based Electrochemical Sensors: Mechanism, Preparation, and Application in Biomedicine

“…[ 86 ] However, the rare existence of cancer‐derived exosomes places strained access for both effective extraction and sensitive identification. [ 87 ] Fu et al reported an electrochemical assay using magnetic NPs to selectively capture two markers (α‐synuclein and synthetic‐1) from neuronal exosomes (Figure 5B). [ 88 ] The cohort study of α‐synuclein level across 40 clinical samples was conducted to distinguish Parkinson's disease patients ( n = 20 per group) from healthy controls toward precise diagnostics.…”

Progress in Nanomaterials-Based Optical and Electrochemical Methods for the Assays of Exosomes

“…Electrochemical biosensor has been recognized as an excellent platform for biological sample analysis due to its advantages of high sensitivity, low cost, rapid response and low sample volume. 171,172 Several classic electrochemical techniques are frequently utilized in bioassays, including amperometry, voltammetry, impedimetry and field effect transistor. Nanomaterials mainly play two vital roles in these techniques: as the electrode substrate to improve the electron transfer and as the functional nanotags for signal amplification.…”

Surface plasmon resonance biosensor for exosome detection based on reformative tyramine signal amplification activated by molecular aptamer beacon

“…Apart from traditional methods including nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), western blot, flow cytometry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) [ 11 ], various biosensing platforms have been developed for exosomes analysis by targeting their surface proteins using the corresponding antibodies or aptamers [ 12 – 17 ]. Among them, surface plasma resonance (SPR) biosensor is receiving extensive attention because it is a rapid, real-time, and label-free diagnostic device [ 18 , 19 ].…”